The human micro biome

Question 1

gut microbiota is now considered a

Answer 1

vital organ

Question 2

microbiota

Answer 2

the microorganisms that typically inhabit a specific environment

Question 3

microbiome

Answer 3

the totality of microbes, their genomes and environmental interactions in a defined environment e.g. the gut of a human

Question 4

dysbiosis

Answer 4

microbial imbalance on or within the body

Question 5

colonisation resistance

Answer 5

crowds out pathogens

Question 6

how many microbial cels to human cells

Answer 6

x10

Question 7

how many bacterial cells

Answer 7

10^14

Question 8

example of co-evolution

Answer 8

e.g. effect of absence of H.pylori

Question 9

diversity of the micro biome allows

Answer 9

the natural system to have the potential to cope with change and stress without further artificial intervention e.g. antibiotic treatment

Question 10

role of micro biome (4)

Answer 10

1) immune system regulation
2) improves intestinal functions
3) gut brain links in communication
4) important to us as a liver- because of metabolites produced in the gut

Question 11

immune system regulation and microbiome

Answer 11

removes toxins and carcinogens- crowds out pathogen- colonisation resistance

Question 12

when does microbial succession of the micro biome occur

Answer 12

from birth to later years- critical inoculation in infancy/birth

Question 13

consequence son disappearing human microbiota: clean water

Answer 13

reduced faecal transmission

Question 14

consequence son disappearing human microbiota: increase in caesarean sections

Answer 14

reduced vaginal transmission

Question 15

consequence son disappearing human microbiota: reduced breastfeeding

Answer 15

reduced cutaneous transmission and a changed immunological environment

Question 16

consequence son disappearing human microbiota: Increased used of antibiotics

Answer 16

selection for a changing composition

Question 17

consequence son disappearing human microbiota: smaller families

Answer 17

reduced early life transmission

Question 18

reasons we couldnt live without microbiota

Answer 18

they synthesise many vitamins, that alone we couldn’t produce

Question 19

human micro biome includes

Answer 19

a huge microbial diversity that is yet to be described

Question 20

human micro biome is regarded as

Answer 20

less complex than soil and other environmental microbiomes

Question 21

HMP

Answer 21

human micro biome project

Question 22

main aim of HMP

Answer 22

a strategy to understand the microbial components of the human genetic and metabolic landscape, and how they contribute to normal physiology and predisposition to disease- Turnbaugh et al

Question 23

HMP is

Answer 23

worldwide- US, Europe and Asia

Question 24

what enables characterisation of whole microbial communities: genres, proteins and metabolic products

Answer 24

highly parallel DNA sequences combined with high-throughput mass spectrometer

Question 25

what questions need to be asked when determining if humans share a core microbiome

Answer 25

- how is the micro biome acquired and transmitted? | - how similar are micro biomes between members of a family, or members of a community?

Question 26

what questions need to be asked when looking at how micro biomes correlate with human health

Answer 26

- how stable is the micro biome? - how do genetics, diets and socioeconomic background influence the composition of the micro biome? - can variation be systemically studied?

Question 27

why do new technological and bioinformatic tools need to be developed to support HMP

Answer 27

- data generated is vast | - reproducible and representativesamplng for body sites

Question 28

micro biome analysis uses

Answer 28

16S rRNA sequencing

Question 29

16S rRNA

Answer 29

a component of 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes- contains highly conserved and highly variable regions- used to identify and distinguish between taxonomic groups

Question 30

how many nucleotides is 16S rRNA

Answer 30

1,500

Question 31

metagenome sequencing

Answer 31

whole genome shotgun sequencing of the micro biome. identify the repertoire of functions and pathway present within the microbiome-

Question 32

what is essential for the defining of the microbiome

Answer 32

figuring out what microbiota do

Question 33

how many reference genomes isolated form the human body do HMP plan to sequence

Answer 33

3000

Question 34

predicted that many organism will be previouslt

Answer 34

unreported

Question 35

most genomes will only be sequenced to

Answer 35

a high quality draft stage

Question 36

what is a high quality draft stage

Answer 36

sufficient info for an assessment of gene content but with some knowledge (FUN- function unknown genes)

Question 37

why are sequencing technologies largely restricted

Answer 37

due to relatively small classes of microbe that can be cultured -therefore improved culture methods needed

Question 38

VBNC

Answer 38

viable non-culturable

Question 39

in the absence of culture

Answer 39

genome sequencing must be performed

Question 40

considerations when planning HMP

Answer 40

- normal micorbiome must be defined, before impact on disease can be assessed - relatedness of individuals being studied - demographic of participants - ethical, legal and logistical barriers

Question 41

condition: Psoriasis

Answer 41

skin

Question 42

Crohns disease

Answer 42

gut

Question 43

ulcerative colitis

Answer 43

gut

Question 44

bacterial vaginosis

Answer 44

vaginal

Question 45

sexual-transmitted infections

Answer 45

uretheral

Question 46

obesity

Answer 46

gut

Question 47

acne

Answer 47

skin

Question 48

febrile illnesses in childtren

Answer 48

'virile'- blood, GI, respiratory