new previously unknown-LEARN

Question 1

LC3 is related to

Answer 1

autophagy

Question 2

LC3

Answer 2

a protein that affects the myosin light chain

Question 3

type 3 secretory systems e.g. shigella

Answer 3

membrane remnants from when shigella has escaped other cells triggers autophagy. The shigella releases IscB via the type III secretory system and this represses autophagy

Question 4

anti-microbial methods of phages (3)

Answer 4

1) CRISPR
2) LexA3
3) lytic pathway

Question 5

LexA3

Answer 5

the phage injects this into the bacteria. LexA3 stops the SOS response (used to fix DNA after fluorquinolones have been added). This makes antibiotics more effective at killing cells

Question 6

LexA3 main ideas

Answer 6

use phage to deliver a protein which interferes with essential bacterial processes rendering it more susceptible to antibiotics

Question 7

faecal extracts inhibit the expression of

Answer 7

salmonella pathogenicity island-1

Question 8

SPI-1 (salmonella pathogenicity island-1)

Answer 8

inhibits specific ATPase of type 3 secretory systems of salmonella, which cause infection

Question 9

synergsistc

Answer 9

when more than one antibiotic is used to treat an infection

Question 10

why are synergistic antibiotic not that great

Answer 10

increase the number of resistance bacteria- less competition

Question 11

another anti-microbial strategy e.g. UPEC

Answer 11

mannose added, which has a higher affinity to bacterial pilli than the mannose on the host cell wall. prevents them from attaching to the cell and causing disease

Question 12

virstatin

Answer 12

a small molecule which inhibits the transcription of ToxT in Vibrio Cholerae

Question 13

ToxT is a

Answer 13

Toxin of V.cholerae

Question 14

anti-virulence strategies

Answer 14

inhibit specific mechanisms that promote infection and are essential for persistence

Question 15

which Proteins are responsible for host lysis and vision burst into the environment

Answer 15

lysins, holding and murrain synthesis inhibitors

Question 16

IscB

Answer 16

a protein secreted by the Type III secretory system which represses autophagy–> prevents autophagsome formation

Question 17

what prevents autophagosome formation in shigella

Answer 17

injection of IscB via Type III secretory system

Question 18

pH of early endosome

Answer 18

6.5

Question 19

pH of phagolsosome

Answer 19

5.5

Question 20

protein in early endosome

Answer 20

Rab5 and EEA1

Question 21

protein in phagolysosome

Answer 21

cathepsin and Lamps

Question 22

how can macrophages recognise bacteria in vesicles

Answer 22

TLRs e.g. Nod-like receptors

Question 23

TLR found in SCV

Answer 23

TLR 9 - protects and allows for growth of salmonela

Question 24

shigella flexneri cause host cell death by

Answer 24

secretions to T3SS efectors- recognised by NLRs and cause pyroptosis- form of necrotic cell death

Question 25

membranes ruptured by LLO appear to

Answer 25

recruit autophagy machinery

Question 26

gnotobiotic

Answer 26

denoting an environment for rearing or culturing organism in which all the microorganisms are known or excluded e.g. the womb

Question 27

gnotobiotic

Answer 27

used as test models

Question 28

old friend hypothesis

Answer 28

overuse of antibiotics has killed good microorganisms in micorbiome, and this allows pathogenic ones to cause damage

Question 29

smallpox is a

Answer 29

virus

Question 30

facts about smallpox

Answer 30

virus, 200nm by 300n. mortality 30-50%. infective dose of 100

Question 31

plague caused by

Answer 31

persinia yestis, lethal does of 1000 bacteria. almost 100% mortality rate

Question 32

attribution

Answer 32

how to distinguish b/w natural, accidental and deliberate outbreak

Question 33

biological weapons convention of 1972

Answer 33

forbids development, production and stockpiling of BW

Question 34

two methods of CD8+ cells

Answer 34

1) perforin

2) CD95

Question 35

CD95 pathway

Answer 35

FasL expression increases on CTL cells. FasL binds to Fas on APC leading to apoptosis

Question 36

perforin

Answer 36

delivered from cytoplasmic granules, fuse with the membrane of APC forming pores to allow granzymes to enter the infected cell