vessels and circulation Flashcards
3 layers of the vessels
- tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica adventitia
vasa vasorum
vessel blood supply
tunica intima
- innermost vessel layer
- makes up vessel endothelium
tunica media
- smooth muscle layer of vessel
- vasoconstriction and dilation
tunica adventitia
- anchoring of the blood vessels
internal and external lamina of arteries
only present in arteries
the internal lamina = between intima and media
the external lamina = between media and adventitia
4 ways veins shift blood back to heart
- surrounding muscle contraction
- valves preventing back flow
- thoracic pressure changes
- pulsating arteries
artery shape maintenance
arteries are thicker than veins and can maintain their circular shape
large vein example
superior and inferior vena cava
elastic artery example
aorta and brachiocephalic artery
mid sized vein example
radial and ulnar veins
muscular artery example
radial and ulnar arteries
venules and arterioles
venule = lacks a media layer
arterioles = poorly defined adventitia and media
fenestrated capillary
capillary with many pores
present around endocrine glands and the kidney
sinusoidal capillaries
help stores blood in reticular connective tissue
ex… spleen, kidney, liver, bone marrow
capillary diffusion methods (4x)
- diffuse across lining
- diffuse through gaps
- diffuse through pores
- move via endocytosis
precapillary sphincter
regulates blood flow into the capillary and responds to the O2 needs of the tissue
arteriole anastomosis
the fusion of collateral arteries in areas that require constant flow blood
ex… the circle of willis in the brain
if an artery of the anastomosis, other arteries can compensate
eschemia anastomosis example
def: lack of bloody supply
if an anastomosis is blocked, it can result in necrosis
although, smaller branch blockages can be survivable
where is most of the blood volume stored?
65-70% of the blood volume is stored in the veins
this is because the veins can distend far more than arteries
structures unique to arteries
there is no veinous equivalent
- aorta
- external carotid artery
- internal carotid artery
- dorsalis pedis
- circle of willis
structures unique to veins
there is no arterial equivalent
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- external jugular artery
- internal jugular artery
- cephalic vein
- basilic vein
- median cubital vein
- cavernous sinus
- azygous vein
- hemiazygous vein
- great saphenous
- small saphenous
brachiocephalic trunk
- right common carotid
- right subclavian
left common carotid
supplies left side of the head and brain
left subclavian
supplies the left arm
axillary artery
formed from the subclavian arteries
thyrocervical trunk
supplies muscles of the neck, head and upper back
internal thoracic artery
supplies pericardium and anterior wall of the chest
vertebral artery
supplies the brain and spinal cord
goes through the transverse foramina
internal jugular vein
branches from right brachiocephalic
deep branches drain into the internal jugular
external jugular vein
superficial branches drain into the external jugular
superior vena cava
right and left brachiocephalic veins drain into the superior vena cava
blood flow from the subclavians to the arms
- subclavian
- axillary artery
- brachial artery
- radial and ulnar arteries
- superficial palmar arch and deep palmar arch
carotid sinus (artery)
branches into the internal and external carotid arteries
internal carotids
supplies brain
- ophthalamic artery
- anterior cerebral artery
- middle cerebral artery
external carotids
supplies the neck and outside of the skull
- lingual artery
- facial artery
- occipital artery
- superficial temporal artery
basilar artery
formed from the left and right vertebral arteries and forms the posterior cerebral artery
circle of willis (cerebral arterial circle)
hexagonal shaped circle of arteries
- left and right vertebral arteries forms the basilar artery
- basilar artery forms the posterior cerebral artery
- internal carotid artery forms the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
- posterior communicating artery connects the middle and posterior cerebral arteries
drainage of CSF
- arachnoid granulations drain CSF into dura veinous sinuses
- enter internal jugular vein
- drain into brachiocephalic vein
- drain into superior vena cava
- enter right atrium
upper and lower division of the descending aorta
- thoracic aorta
- abdominal aorta
the separation is at the diaphragm
diaphragm artery supply
- superior phrenic
- inferior phrenic
superior phrenic
part of the descending thoracic
inferior phrenic
part of the descending abdominal
celiac trunk branches
an unpaired artery
- hepatic
- splenic
- gastric
superior mesenteric
unpaired
supplies the…
- small intestine
- cecum
- ascending colon
- half of the transverse colon
inferior mesenteric
takes over from the superior mesenteric
supplies the…
- other half of the transverse colon
- rest of the large intestine
paired arteries
- suprarenal
- renal
- right common iliac
- gonadal
- inferior phrenic arteries
- lumbar arteries
inguinal ligament border
serves as the transition of the external iliac artery into the femoral artery
descending aorta branches into the…
- common iliac arteries
- internal and external iliac artery
internal iliac artery
supplies the…
- urinary bladder
- walls of the pelvis
- external genitalia
- medial side of the thigh
external iliac artery
supplies the leg
external iliac artery branches
- external iliac artery
- deep femoral artery
- femoral artery
- popliteal artery
- anterior tibial and posterior tibial
- fibular artery
dorsalis pedis
present on the dorsum of the foot
3 veins you can draw blood from
- cephalic
- basilic
- median cubital
do cardiac veins drain into either the superior or inferior vena cava
neither
where does the veinous blood from the cranium drain into?
- the cranial sinuses
- internal jugular vein
- brachiocephalic vein
superficial veins of the head and neck
- temporal veins –> drains into external jugular
- maxillary veins –> drains into external jugular
- facial veins –> drains into internal jugular
sequence of veinous return from the arms
- digital veins
- superficial and deep palmar veins
- cephalic vein
- subclavian vein
- brachiocephalic vein
- superior vena cava
- right atrium
azygous veins
the right intercostal veins drain here
the azygous vein drains into the superior vena cava
hemiazygous veins
the left intercostal veins drain here
the hemiazygous vein drains into the brachiocephalic vein
median cubital vein drainage
drains into the basilic vein
abdominal drainage into the IVC
- common iliac veins (left and right)
- lumbar veins
- gonadal veins
- hepatic veins
- renal veins
- suprarenal veins
- phrenic veins
pelvic drainage into the IVC
- gluteal veins
- internal pudendal veins
- obturator veins
- lateral sacral veins
- median sacral veins
- left common iliac
- inferior vena cava
great saphenous vein
longest vein, drains into the femoral vein
can be used in cardiac bypass surgery
small saphenous vein
shorter than the great saphenous
sits on the side of the leg and drains into the popliteal
lower limb drainage into the right atrium
- plantar veins
- anterior and posterior tibial, fibular veins
- popliteal veins
- femoral vein
- external iliac vein
- common iliac vein
- inferior vena cava
- right atrium
what blood from which organ systems drains into the hepatic portal vein?
- small intestine
- stomach
- large intestine
- pancreas
splenic vein
drains from the spleen, stomach and pancreas
venous blood travel in the hepatic portal vein
- hepatic portal vein
- liver sinusoids
- central vein
- hepatic veins
- inferior vena cava
- right atrium
why does all veinous blood from the abdominal viscera go to the liver
to metabolize toxic substances from the tissue
the liver has dual circulation
fetal circulation structures
- foramen ovale
- ductus arteriosus
- ductus venosus
foramen ovale
connects the right and left atria
closes when the baby takes its first breadth
becomes the fossa ovalis
ductus arteriosus
connects the pulmonary trunk and aorta
becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
ductus venosus
bypasses the liver (bc it’s non functional) and carries metabolism to the placenta
becomes the ligamentum venosum
ASD
atrial septal defect
foramen ovale doesn’t close
VSD
ventricular septum defect
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
doesn’t close
atherosclerosis
due plaque deposits in the blood vessels
arteriosclerosis
changes in blood vessel walls you age
becomes harder, resulting in a slight increase in BP
loss of elasticity
