Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BILD X13 > nervous system (theory) > Flashcards

nervous system (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

the central nervous system

this is associated with the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PNS

A

the peripheral nervous system

associated with tissues innervated outside of the CNS

ex… upper and lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CNS breakdown

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

PNS break down

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CNS input and output

A

the CNS can integrate, process and coordinate sensory input and motor output

the CNS is the seat for intelligence, memory, learning and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CNS sensory input

A

sensory input travels along the spinothalamic tract (ascending)

sensation –> up the tract –> thalamus –> post central gyrus (parietal lobe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CNS motor output

A

motor output travels down the corticospinal tract (descending)

cortex –> pre central gyrus (pre frontal lobe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pre

A

front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

post

A

back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PNS function

A

provide sensory information to the CNS and receive motor commands from the CNS

afferent and efferent signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

afferent

A

sending sensory information to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

efferent

A

carries out motor commands

“efferent escapes the CNS”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dorsal horn of the grey matter

A

receives sensory information from the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ventral and lateral horns of the grey matter

A

receives motor commands from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

smooth muscle

A

autonomic control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

skeletal muscle

A

somatic control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PNS cranial nerves

A

there are 12 cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

PNS spinal nerves

A

there are 31 spinal nerves

8x cervical
12x thoracic
5x lumbar
5x sacral
1x coccygeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

afferent breakdown

A

the PNS can send sensory information from the visceral organs OR the muscles to the CNS

visceral organs = visceral
muscles = somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

efferent breakdown

A

the PNS can receive motor commands from the CNS for either skeletal muscle or visceral organ movement

skeletal muscle = somatic nerves
visceral organs = autonomic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

visceral

A

afferent signaling from the PNS to the CNS about visceral organ sensation

monitors smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and other visceral organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

somatic

A

afferent signaling from the PNS to the CNS about muscle sensation

monitors skeletal muscles and the joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

autonomic nerves

A

efferent signaling from the CNS to the PNS to affect visceral organs

controls visceral organ activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

somatic nerves

A

efferent signaling from the CNS to the PNS to affect skeletal muscle

controls skeletal muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

autonomic nerve subdivision

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

the effects of either system often counter act the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

pupil dilation, increase heart rate, relaxes bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

pupil constriction, decrease heart rate, tenses bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

neurons

A

consists of the soma, axons, and dendrites

these cells transfer electrical signals to target tissue for nervous system to organ tissue coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

neuroglia

A

AKA glial cells

these cells form a supporting framework for the neurons and offer protection

the number of neuroglia outnumber the number of actual neurons

there are 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS and 2 types in the PNS

30
Q

4 neuroglia cells of the CNS

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. microglia
  3. oligodendrocytes
  4. ependymal cells
31
Q

2 neuroglia cells of the PNS

A
  1. satellite cells
  2. schwann cells
32
Q

Nissl bodies

A

analogous to the rough ER of the cell

33
Q

axon hillock

A

funnels the action potential signaling received by the dendrites before continuing onto the axon

34
Q

grey matter myelination

A

no myelination here

35
Q

white matter myelination

A

yes, there is myelination

36
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped, axo-axonic cell

  1. provides structural support
  2. forms scar tissue after injury
  3. maintains the CSF
  4. recycles NTs
37
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  1. myelinate the CNS’s axons
  2. provides structural framework
38
Q

microglia

A
  1. act as phagocytes
39
Q

ependymal cells

A
  1. some secrete CSF
  2. lines the central canal of the spinal cord
  3. lines the ventricles of the brain
40
Q

satellite cells

A
  1. surrounds the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia
  2. regulates O2 and CO2
  3. recycles NTs
  4. regulates cell body and environment exchange
41
Q

schwann cells

A
  1. myelinates the PNS’s axons
  2. helps repair damaged PNS axons
42
Q

BBB

A

blood brain barrier, maintained by the astrocytes

43
Q

saltatory conduction

A

node to node AP conduction

helps increase the speed of the AP down the axon

44
Q

why can’t we repair a damaged soma

A

neuron cells lack centrosomes so they can’t reproduce, however damaged axons may be fixed

45
Q

neuron classification

A

neurons can be classified by their structure and function

46
Q

structural classification

A
  1. anaxonic
  2. bipolar
  3. pseudounipolar
  4. multipolar
47
Q

anaxonic

A

a neuron who’s axons and dendrites can’t be easily distinguished

ex… astrocytes

48
Q

bipolar

A

the soma lies between the dendrite and the axon

no myelination of the axon

49
Q

pseudounipolar

A

similar to bipolar structure, but the cell body is offset

almost all sensory neurons are pseudounipolar neurons

50
Q

multipolar

A

has a single axon + many dendrites

most common CNS neuron type

51
Q

synapse types

A
  1. synapsing with another neuron
  2. neuromuscular junctions
  3. neuroglandular synapses
52
Q

functional classification

A
  1. sensory (somatic sensory or visceral sensory)
  2. motor (somatic nerves or autonomic nerves)
  3. interneurons
53
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons

they are located within the CNS (grey matter only)

can be excitatory and inhibitory

reflexes like the knee jerk can be done without interneurons (monosynaptic)

54
Q

receptor types (3x)

A
  1. exteroceptors –> external environment
  2. proprioceptors –> body position and body movement
  3. interoceptors –> internal organ activity
55
Q

effectors of skeletal muscle vs effectors of smooth, cardiac, glandular, adipose tissue

A

efferent neurons on skeletal muscle don’t require ganglia

the latter requires pre and post ganglionic fibers

56
Q

neural regeneration

A

the ability to repair a damaged/severed axon is limited

  1. schwann cells grow in the cut area (forms a cord)
  2. axon sends buds into the schwann cell network
  3. axons begin to grow into schwann cells
  4. hopefully a repaired axon
57
Q

AP speed of impulse

A

how fast an AP can be sent down an axon

fast impulses = myelination + large diameter

slow impulses = no myelin + smaller diameter

58
Q

5 types of vesicle synapses

A
  1. axodendritic
  2. axosomic
  3. axoaxonic
  4. neuromuscular
  5. neuroglandular
59
Q

nonvesicular synapses

A

normal vesicular synapses are unidirectional

nonvesicular synapses are electrical synapses due to the flow of ions and can propagate bidirectionally and doesn’t need a synaptic cleft

these are found in the CNS and PNS, but are rare

nonvesicular synapse events:
1. presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are tightly bound together allowing for the passage of ions

60
Q

neuron organization (5x)

A

there are 5 types of neuronal pools

  1. divergence
  2. convergence
  3. serial processing
  4. parallel processing
  5. reverberation
61
Q

divergence

A

information from one neuron can easily spread to multiple neurons and cover a great distance

ex… sensation received by the special senses going to the brain (vision, smell, hearing)

62
Q

convergence

A

information from multiple neurons going to one neuron

ex… voluntary movement of the diaphragm

63
Q

serial processing

A

sequential transfer of information from one neuron to the next (a conga line of neurons)

ex… information that needs to hop between different parts of the brain

better ex… smelling food in the kitchen and imagining what that food might be (olfaction to auditory)

64
Q

parallel processing

A

the same information that’s being processed at the same time by other neurons

NOT like divergence bc it doesn’t spread exponential

ex… stepping on a nail results in multiple actions that happen at the same time

65
Q

reverberation

A

information is sent back to the impulse’s origin via a collateral axon to enhance / continue the impulse

“running it back”

ex… maintaining consciousness when scared

66
Q

nervous system anatomical organization

A
  1. grey matter
  2. white matter
67
Q

grey matter

A
  1. cell bodies of neurons contained here
  2. neural cortex (outer layer of the brain)
68
Q

white matter

A

bundles on CNS axons arranged in descending and ascending columns

69
Q

grey-white matter junction

A

pyramidal cells

70
Q

contralateral crossing

A

happens either in the medulla or the spinal cord

sensory information from one side of the body is integrated by the other side

BILD X13 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions