appendicular skeleton (theory) Flashcards
components of the appendicular skeleton
- arms
- legs
- pelvic girdle
- pectoral girdle
carpal vs tarsal
carpal = hand bones
tarsal = foot bones
clavicle function
connects the scapula to the manubrium of the sternum
the clavicle allows for biaxial movement (protraction / extension) and (elevation / depression)
clavicle scapular connection
acromion process of the scapula connects the acromion end of the clavicle
clavicle manubrium connection
connects to the manubrium using the sternoclavicular joint
protraction / retraction
protraction = rotating anterior movement
retraction = rotating posteriorly
depression / elevation
depression = inferior movement (down)
elevation = superior movement (up)
glenoid cavity of the scapula
this is where the head of the humerus rests
the glenoid cavity is much shallower than the cavity of the hip joint making it easier to dislocate
the humeral head also doesn’t have a fovea for a ligament to stabilize it unlike the femur
deltoid tuberosity
large, flat protrusion of the humerus, the deltoid attaches at this point
the deltoid is one of the muscles that helps the arm contract
surgical neck of the humerus
there are two necks…
1. anatomical
2. surgical
the surgical neck is below the head and anatomic neck of the humerus, it is the most likely area to suffer fractures
coronoid fossa of the humerus
this is on the anterior side of the humerus
the coronoid fossa sits above the capitulum and the trochlea
the coronoid fossa receives the coronoid process of the ulna
medial epicondyle
condyle on the side of the humerus closest to the midline
this is the “funny bone” bc the ulnar nerve runs through here
trochlea
a “spool” like articular joint that receives the trochlear notch of the ulna
olecranon fossa
this is on the posterior side of the humerus
this receives the olecranon (process) of the ulna when the arm is extended
radial notch of the ulna
a depression in the ulna that receives the radial head of the radius
ulnar notch of the radius
a depression in the radius that receives part of the head of the ulna
olecranon
process of the radial bone that fits into the olecranon fossa of the posterior side of the humerus
proximal radioulnar joint
a joint made at the proximal ends of the radius and ulna
this is a monoaxial joint that allows for pronation / supination
distal radioulnar joint
a joint made at the distal ends of the radius and ulna
this is an amphiarthrotic-syndesmosis joint because it limits the movement of the two bones at the distal end
radial styloid process
protrusion on the distal end of the radius that extends past the ulnar styloid process
it limits abduction but not adduction in the wrist joint
carpal bones
make up the wrist
1. scaphoid
2. lunate
3. triquetrum
4. pisiform
5. trapezium
6. trapezoid
7. capitate
8. hamate
metacarpal bones
make up the back of the hand
phalanges and pollux
makes up the thumb (pollux) and the fingers
the pollux has only two phalanges (distal and proximal)
the fingers have three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)
carpal bones acronym
Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home
pelvic girdle function
support and protection of the lower viscera
it also supports and serves as the birth passage of the developing fetus in pregnant females
the pelvic bones also contain the obturator foramen which is the largest foramen in the body
pelvic girdle bones
the pelvic girdle is made up of three fused bones…
- ilium
- pubis
- ischium
iliac fossa (males vs females)
the iliac fossa is much deeper in males than in females
the iliac fossa is shallower in females to help form the appropriately sized birth canal
greater pelvis
this spans the distance between the left and right iliac crests
lesser pelvis
the area inferior to the iliopectineal line
subpubic angle of the pubic symphysis
the angle of the pubic symphysis is much more acute in males than in females
pelvic outlet
this is the space between the ischial spines
pelvic inlet
between the brims of each coxal bone
pelvic outlet size
the space between the ischial spines is narrower in males than in females
the ischial spines face more downward laterally in female skeletons opening the pelvic outlet
childbearing anatomical differences between males and females
- pelvic outlet
- sacrum curve
- pelvic inlet
- pubic angle
sacrum curve
there is less curvature of the sacrum in females than in males
pelvic inlet
much wider in females than males
pelvic weight
the male pelvis weighs more than the female pelvis
this is bc larger muscles attach to the male pelvis
pelvic surface
male pelvises have a rougher surface to attach larger muscles
pelvic inlet shape (M v F)
M = heart shaped
F = circular, wider
iliac fossa (M v F)
M = deeper
F = shallower
acetabulum (M v F)
M = lateral direction
F = shallow and narrow
sacrum curvature + articulation (M v F)
M = long, narrow, 3 vertebrae
F = 2-2.5 vertebrae
femoral neck
only has one anatomical neck unlike the humerus
fovea for ligament of head
a hole in the head of the femur
a ligament passes through this fovea to stabilize the hip joint
femoral head
attaches to the acetabulum (socket of the pelvis)
patella surface
where the patella knee joint rests
patella attachments
the quads tendons and ligaments attach to the patellar
condyle vs epicondyle
just need to differentiate between lateral and medial condyles and lateral and medial epicondyles of the femur
epicondyles are above the condyles
patella
the patella is a sesamoid bone
this protects the knee joint and has a rough surface for tendon attachment
the femoral condyles are received by the concave facets of this bone
lateral malleolus of the fibula
this is the knuckle farthest from the midline
this extends past the medial malleolus which prevents eversion of the foot (outside angular movement)
tibia vs fibula
the tibia is the large weight bearing bone
the fibula is lateral to the tibia that participates in walking
the fibula is also more susceptible to transverse trauma
tarsal bones
7 bones that make up the ankle
- calcaneus
- talus
- navicular
- cuboid
- medial cuneiform
- intermediate cuneiform
- lateral cuneiform
metatarsal bones
form the arch of the foot
phalanges
make up the digits of the foot
the hallux (thumb) only has two phalanges
hands vs feet
the hands and feet had the same number of bones as each other (14)
tarsal bones acronym
individual skeletal system variation
- racial differences
- medical history
- body size
- muscle mass
- age
- sex
the skull and pelvis can differentiate?
- racial differences
- sex
ossification can differentiate?
age
