appendicular skeleton (theory)

Question 1

components of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 1

1. arms
2. legs
3. pelvic girdle
4. pectoral girdle

Question 2

carpal vs tarsal

Answer 2

carpal = hand bones
tarsal = foot bones

Question 3

clavicle function

Answer 3

connects the scapula to the manubrium of the sternum

the clavicle allows for biaxial movement (protraction / extension) and (elevation / depression)

Question 4

clavicle scapular connection

Answer 4

acromion process of the scapula connects the acromion end of the clavicle

Question 5

clavicle manubrium connection

Answer 5

connects to the manubrium using the sternoclavicular joint

Question 6

protraction / retraction

Answer 6

protraction = rotating anterior movement

retraction = rotating posteriorly

Question 7

depression / elevation

Answer 7

depression = inferior movement (down)

elevation = superior movement (up)

Question 8

glenoid cavity of the scapula

Answer 8

this is where the head of the humerus rests

the glenoid cavity is much shallower than the cavity of the hip joint making it easier to dislocate

the humeral head also doesn’t have a fovea for a ligament to stabilize it unlike the femur

Question 9

deltoid tuberosity

Answer 9

large, flat protrusion of the humerus, the deltoid attaches at this point

the deltoid is one of the muscles that helps the arm contract

Question 9

surgical neck of the humerus

Answer 9

there are two necks…
1. anatomical
2. surgical

the surgical neck is below the head and anatomic neck of the humerus, it is the most likely area to suffer fractures

Question 10

coronoid fossa of the humerus

Answer 10

this is on the anterior side of the humerus

the coronoid fossa sits above the capitulum and the trochlea

the coronoid fossa receives the coronoid process of the ulna

Question 11

medial epicondyle

Answer 11

condyle on the side of the humerus closest to the midline

this is the “funny bone” bc the ulnar nerve runs through here

Question 12

trochlea

Answer 12

a “spool” like articular joint that receives the trochlear notch of the ulna

Question 13

olecranon fossa

Answer 13

this is on the posterior side of the humerus

this receives the olecranon (process) of the ulna when the arm is extended

Question 14

radial notch of the ulna

Answer 14

a depression in the ulna that receives the radial head of the radius

Question 15

ulnar notch of the radius

Answer 15

a depression in the radius that receives part of the head of the ulna

Question 16

olecranon

Answer 16

process of the radial bone that fits into the olecranon fossa of the posterior side of the humerus

Question 17

proximal radioulnar joint

Answer 17

a joint made at the proximal ends of the radius and ulna

this is a monoaxial joint that allows for pronation / supination

Question 18

distal radioulnar joint

Answer 18

a joint made at the distal ends of the radius and ulna

this is an amphiarthrotic-syndesmosis joint because it limits the movement of the two bones at the distal end

Question 19

radial styloid process

Answer 19

protrusion on the distal end of the radius that extends past the ulnar styloid process

it limits abduction but not adduction in the wrist joint

Question 20

carpal bones

Answer 20

make up the wrist
1. scaphoid
2. lunate
3. triquetrum
4. pisiform
5. trapezium
6. trapezoid
7. capitate
8. hamate

Question 21

metacarpal bones

Answer 21

make up the back of the hand

Question 22

phalanges and pollux

Answer 22

makes up the thumb (pollux) and the fingers

the pollux has only two phalanges (distal and proximal)

the fingers have three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)

Question 23

carpal bones acronym

Answer 23

Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home

Question 24

pelvic girdle function

Answer 24

support and protection of the lower viscera

it also supports and serves as the birth passage of the developing fetus in pregnant females

the pelvic bones also contain the obturator foramen which is the largest foramen in the body

Question 25

pelvic girdle bones

Answer 25

the pelvic girdle is made up of three fused bones…

1. ilium
2. pubis
3. ischium

Question 26

iliac fossa (males vs females)

Answer 26

the iliac fossa is much deeper in males than in females

the iliac fossa is shallower in females to help form the appropriately sized birth canal

Question 27

greater pelvis

Answer 27

this spans the distance between the left and right iliac crests

Question 28

lesser pelvis

Answer 28

the area inferior to the iliopectineal line

Question 29

subpubic angle of the pubic symphysis

Answer 29

the angle of the pubic symphysis is much more acute in males than in females

Question 30

pelvic outlet

Answer 30

this is the space between the ischial spines

Question 31

pelvic inlet

Answer 31

between the brims of each coxal bone

Question 32

pelvic outlet size

Answer 32

the space between the ischial spines is narrower in males than in females

the ischial spines face more downward laterally in female skeletons opening the pelvic outlet

Question 33

childbearing anatomical differences between males and females

Answer 33

1. pelvic outlet
2. sacrum curve
3. pelvic inlet
4. pubic angle

Question 34

sacrum curve

Answer 34

there is less curvature of the sacrum in females than in males

Question 35

pelvic inlet

Answer 35

much wider in females than males

Question 36

pelvic weight

Answer 36

the male pelvis weighs more than the female pelvis

this is bc larger muscles attach to the male pelvis

Question 37

pelvic surface

Answer 37

male pelvises have a rougher surface to attach larger muscles

Question 38

pelvic inlet shape (M v F)

Answer 38

M = heart shaped
F = circular, wider

Question 39

iliac fossa (M v F)

Answer 39

M = deeper
F = shallower

Question 40

acetabulum (M v F)

Answer 40

M = lateral direction
F = shallow and narrow

Question 41

sacrum curvature + articulation (M v F)

Answer 41

M = long, narrow, 3 vertebrae
F = 2-2.5 vertebrae

Question 42

femoral neck

Answer 42

only has one anatomical neck unlike the humerus

Question 43

fovea for ligament of head

Answer 43

a hole in the head of the femur

a ligament passes through this fovea to stabilize the hip joint

Question 44

femoral head

Answer 44

attaches to the acetabulum (socket of the pelvis)

Question 45

patella surface

Answer 45

where the patella knee joint rests

Question 46

patella attachments

Answer 46

the quads tendons and ligaments attach to the patellar

Question 47

condyle vs epicondyle

Answer 47

just need to differentiate between lateral and medial condyles and lateral and medial epicondyles of the femur

epicondyles are above the condyles

Question 48

patella

Answer 48

the patella is a sesamoid bone

this protects the knee joint and has a rough surface for tendon attachment

the femoral condyles are received by the concave facets of this bone

Question 49

lateral malleolus of the fibula

Answer 49

this is the knuckle farthest from the midline

this extends past the medial malleolus which prevents eversion of the foot (outside angular movement)

Question 50

tibia vs fibula

Answer 50

the tibia is the large weight bearing bone

the fibula is lateral to the tibia that participates in walking

the fibula is also more susceptible to transverse trauma

Question 51

tarsal bones

Answer 51

7 bones that make up the ankle

1. calcaneus
2. talus
3. navicular
4. cuboid
5. medial cuneiform
6. intermediate cuneiform
7. lateral cuneiform

Question 52

metatarsal bones

Answer 52

form the arch of the foot

Question 53

phalanges

Answer 53

make up the digits of the foot

the hallux (thumb) only has two phalanges

Question 54

hands vs feet

Answer 54

the hands and feet had the same number of bones as each other (14)

Question 55

tarsal bones acronym

Question 56

individual skeletal system variation

Answer 56

1. racial differences
2. medical history
3. body size
4. muscle mass
5. age
6. sex

Question 57

the skull and pelvis can differentiate?

Answer 57

1. racial differences
2. sex

Question 58

ossification can differentiate?

Answer 58

age