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BILD X13 > equilibrium and hearing (theory) > Flashcards

equilibrium and hearing (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two functions of the structures of the ear?

A
  1. hearing
  2. balance
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2
Q

what are the 3 subdivisions of the ear?

A
  1. external ear
  2. middle ear
  3. inner ear
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3
Q

components of the external ear

A
  1. auricle
  2. external acoustic meatus
  3. elastic cartilage
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4
Q

components of the middle ear

A
  1. tympanic membrane
  2. auditory ossicles (MIS)
  3. tympanic cavity
  4. stapedius
  5. tensor tympani
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5
Q

components of the inner ear

A
  1. cochlea
  2. round window
  3. oval window
  4. vestibule
  5. semicircular canals (vestibular region)
  6. cochlea branch (CN VIII)
  7. vestibular branch (CN VIII)
  8. facial nerve (CN VII)
  9. auditory tube (eustachian)
  10. bony labyrinth
  11. utricle
  12. saccule
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6
Q

external acoustic meatus function

A
  1. air conduction of the sound waves
  2. cone shape lends itself to sound wave collection
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7
Q

tympanic membrane function

A

AKA the ear drum

to vibrate when struck by incoming sound waves

this moves the malleus ossicle which moves the stapes

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8
Q

malleus function

A

the malleus facilitates air to bone conduction

this is the transition of sound waves of the air to bone movement which can be transferred into an impulse by hair receptors

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9
Q

stapes function

A

the foot of the stapes is imprinted onto the oval window which transfers the bone vibrations to the cochlea

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10
Q

cochlea function

A

to receive transmitted sound waves

the smaller diameter receives low pitch sound

the larger diameter receives high pitch sound

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11
Q

auditory tube function

A

AKA eustachian tubes

these minimize the air pressure of the middle ear

you can open your auditory tubes by swallowing

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12
Q

stapedius function

A

it is attached to the round window and contracts with high sound intensity protect the cochlea

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13
Q

which is better air or bone conduction of sound?

A

air

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14
Q

ceruminous gland function

A

a modified apocrine gland

this secretes earwax which moistens the external ear canal

if there was no moisture, the canal would crack which would be VERY painful

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15
Q

3 auditory ossicles (MIS)

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes
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16
Q

tensor tympani function

A

protects the tympanic membrane from high intensity sound

it contracts and stops the tympanic membrane from moving

it is attached to the malleus bone

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17
Q

semicircular canal function

A

to establish orientation and provide balance, it is part of the vestibular complex

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18
Q

what does the vestibular complex detect?

A
  1. rotation
  2. gravity
  3. acceleration and deceleration
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19
Q

what does the vestibular complex consist of?

A
  1. semicircular canals
  2. utricle
  3. saccule
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20
Q

semicircular canal duct contents

A

contains…

  1. endolympth (fluid)
  2. cupula (gel)
  3. ampulla
  4. crista (within the ampulla)
  5. kinocilium
  6. stereocilia
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21
Q

head movement and endolympth

A

due to physics the endolymph fluid inside the ducts of the semicircular canals, the fluid moves with the rotation of the head (opposite) and bends the stereocilia and kinocilium which fires an AP

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22
Q

endolymph and dizziness

A

moving ones head in a circle and stopping abruptly results in dizziness because the hair cells bend back and forth causing confused signaling

23
Q

utricle and saccule

A

they are connected to each other and to the ampulla

24
Q

macullae

A

clustered hair cells of the utricle and saccule

25
Q

cupula

A

a gel like material that encases the hair cells and has a crystal layer of calcium carbonate on top of it (statoconia)

the capula moves according to gravity

26
Q

otolith

A

the cupula and the statoconia

27
Q

anterior semicircular duct

A

for forward head movement (nodding yes)

28
Q

lateral semicircular duct

A

for lateral head movement (shaking no)

29
Q

posterior semicircular duct

A

for tilting the head up

30
Q

vestibular branch sensory relay

A

the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve synapses onto the vestibular nuclei between the pons and the medulla

31
Q

where does the vestibular nuclei signal to?

A
  1. to the cerebellum
  2. to the accessory nerve
  3. to the abducens nerve
  4. to the trochlear nerve
  5. to the oculomotor nerve
  6. to the red nucleus
  7. to the superior colliculus
  8. vestibulospinal tract
  9. cerebral cortex
32
Q

why does the vestibular nuclei signal to nerves of eye?

A

because the eye is also involved in orientation of balance and position

33
Q

what is the main structure involved in hearing

A

the cochlea

34
Q

the center of the cochlea

A

called the modiolus which contains sensory neurons

35
Q

what cranial nerve innervates the cochlea?

A

the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

36
Q

spiral organ of the cochlea

A

organ of corti

37
Q

3 layers of the cochlear spiral

A
  1. scala vestibuli
  2. scala tympani
  3. scala media
38
Q

scala vestibuli

A

the vestibular duct

it contains perilymph and the vestibular membrane

39
Q

scala tympani

A

the tympanic duct

contains perilymph also

40
Q

scala media

A

the cochlear duct

contains endolymph, this layer is between the vestibuli and the tympani

41
Q

basilar membrane of the cochlea

A

there is a basilar membrane between each of the 3 layers

the scala vestibuli and tympani are attached apically to the cochlea

sense organs rest on the basilar membrane in the scala media

42
Q

the organ of corti function

A

AKA the spiral organ

this rests on the basilar membrane between the scala media and tympani

it contains hair cells which are contact with tectorial membrane of the scala media

43
Q

tectorial membrane movement and hair cell firing

A

sound waves cause the tectorial membrane to move which causes hair cells to bend and fire APs down the cochlear branch of CN VIII

44
Q

hair cell damage (hearing)

A
  1. loud work environments
  2. loud music

this is not felt immediately but later in life

45
Q

perilymph function

A

it is present in the scala tympani and vestibuli

as the stapes pushes against the oval window causing the scal tympani to move, so does the perilymph which causes the scala media to move

46
Q

where does auditory info end up?

A

in the inferior colliculus of the midbrain (corpus quadrigemina)

47
Q

if sound is loud enough

A

if sound is loud enough to reach the inferior colliculi, it will rotate the head in the direction of the sound

48
Q

what is the nucleus that auditory info goes to? (MGN)

A

medial geniculate nucleus

49
Q

where does the auditory info ultimately end up?

A

in the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

50
Q

auditory pathway

A
  1. specific section of the cochlea is stimulated
  2. fire AP down cochlea branch
  3. reach the cochlear nucleus
  4. reach the inferior colliculus of the midbrain
  5. send to the medial geniculate nucleus
  6. send to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
51
Q

distribution of high, middle and low frequency sounds in the auditory cortex

A
  1. high –> innermost
  2. middle –> middle of the cortex
  3. low –> periphery of the cortex
52
Q

inferior colliculi signalling to the ipsilateral side

A

normally, most auditory information crosses over at the cochlear nucleus onto the contralateral side

but the inferior colliculi does receive some auditory information and sends it to the auditory cortex on the same side of the body

53
Q
A

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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