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spinal cord + spinal nerves (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

proof of spinal cord-brain independent functioning

A
  1. the brain can still function if one is quadriplegic
  2. one can still have reflexes even if the brain is injured
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1
Q

spinal cord and brain interactions

A
  1. both can integrate and process information
  2. both can function with each other
  3. both can also function independently of each other
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2
Q

spinal cord general features

A
  1. 45 cm in length (18 in)
  2. passes through the foramen magnum
  3. ends between L1 and L2
  4. has enlargements
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3
Q

spinal cord regions

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccygeal
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4
Q

spinal taps and spinal cord ending

A

the spinal cord ends between L1 and L2 of the lumbar region, spinal taps are done below L2 to prevent spinal injury because the meninges of the spinal cord continues past L2 and still contains some CSF

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5
Q

enlargements

A

bulges or collections of nerves coming off the the spinal cord

ex… cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

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6
Q

spinal cord anchoring

A
  1. crista gali
  2. filum terminale

the crista gali anchors the spinal cord (cephalically) and the filum terminale anchors it caudally

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7
Q

cauda equina

A

means “horse tail”

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8
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between the arachnoid and pia matters of the brain and spinal cord

CSF is present in this space in the spinal cord

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9
Q

filum terminale

A

this anchors the spinal cord caudally

the filum terminale eventually becomes a component of the coccygeal ligament

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10
Q

crista gali

A

the spinal cord dura matter is continuous with brain’s dura matter

the crista gali anchors the brain’s dura matter which by extension anchors the spinal cord

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11
Q

31 spinal segments consist of…

A
  1. dorsal root (horn)
  2. dorsal root ganglia
  3. ventral root (horn)
  4. spinal nerve
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12
Q

dorsal horn of grey matter

A

where all sensory information from the PNS enters the spinal cord

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13
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

large bulbous part of the nerve that precedes the dorsal root and dorsal horn of the grey matter

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14
Q

differentiating the anterior spinal segment from the posterior

A
  1. dorsal horns (pointy)
  2. anterior median fissure
  3. posterior median sulcus
  4. dorsal root ganglia
  5. spinous process are posterior
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15
Q

spinal nerves (2x)

A
  1. sensory nerves (afferent)
  2. motor nerves (efferent)
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16
Q

spinal meninges

A

the spinal meninges is a membrane surrounding the spine that offers protection, stability and shock absorption

  1. pia
  2. arachnoid
  3. dura
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17
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

anchors the spinal cord from the sides

it anchors the pia to arachnoid and the dura

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18
Q

dura matter

A

tough fibrous material, outermost layer of the spinal meninges

provides crista gali and filum terminale anchoring of the spinal cord

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19
Q

arachnoid

A

middle layer, with spider like network

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20
Q

pia

A

delicate inner most layer of the spinal meninges

blood vessels are found in this layer

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21
Q

spinal cord blood supply

A

the sulci hides the blood vessels which are covered up by the pia matter

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22
Q

grey matter contents

A
  1. central canal
  2. cell bodies (somas)
  3. glial cells (neuroglia)
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23
Q

white matter contents

A
  1. axons
  2. organization into ascending and descending columns
24
grey matter organization
1. dorsal grey horns 2. lateral grey horns 3. ventral grey horns 4. gray commissure
25
dorsal grey horn
receives sensory input from the visceral organs and the muscles (somatic)
26
lateral grey horn
sends motor commands to the visceral organs (visceral motor nuclei)
27
ventral grey horn
sends motor commands to the muscles (somatic motor nuclei)
28
grey commissure
contralateral crossover point of axons
29
funiculi
columns of nerves
30
white matter organization
1. funiculi 2. posterior white column 3. anterior white column 4. lateral white column 5. descending and ascending tracts
31
posterior white column sensations (4x)
1. proprioception 2. fine touch (meissners) 3. pressure (pacinian) 4. vibration (pacinian)
32
spinothalamic sensations
1. crude touch 2. pain 3. temp
33
ascending tract (sensory)
spinothalamic tract
34
descending tract (motor)
corticospinal tract
35
peripheral nerve organization
1. epineurium 2. perineurium 3. endoneurium much like skeletal muscle, fascicles are bundles of axons
36
epineurium
outermost layer of the peripheral nerve and is continuous with the dura matter
37
perineurium
surrounds a fascicle
38
endoneurium
surrounds a single axons
39
spinal nerve merge
all 31 pairs of spinal nerves merge from the ventral and dorsal roots
40
spinal nerve organization
1. dorsal ramus 2. ventral ramus 3. white ramus 4. grey ramus
41
dorsal and ventral rami
the spinal nerves branch off into the dorsal and ventral rami the dorsal ramus contains postganglionic fibers that innervate smooth muscle and glands the dorsal ramus also contains fibers from the ventral horn that innervate the skeletal muscles of the neck and back the ventral rami contains postganglionic fibers that innervate smooth muscle and glands the ventral rami also contains fibers that from the ventral horn that innervate the skeletal muscles of the limbs
42
rami communicantes
grey and white rami spinal nerves coming from T1 to L2 have two additional branches on top of the dorsal and ventral rami both branches converge onto the sympathetic ganglion before becoming the sympathetic nerve grey = postganglionic white = preganglionic postganglionic innervates smooth muscle, glands and visceral organs of the thoracic cavity preganglionic innervates abdominopelvic viscera
43
dorsal and ventral rami (sensory reception)
the dorsal and ventral rami can also receive sensory input from the somatic and visceral tissue, these lead back to the dorsal grey horn dorsal ramus = interoceptors, exteroceptors, proprioceptors of the back ventral ramus = exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors of the limbs
44
dermatomes
sensory branches of the skin (spinal nerve) which are important for clinical uses ex... if a patient has lost sensation in their calf, then it is likely a problem with S2 of the cutaneous branch of the spinal nerve
45
four nerve plexuses
1. cervical 2. brachial 3. lumbar 4. sacral there is no thoracic or coccygeal plexus plexus = a bundle of branching nerves coming our of the spinal cord
46
cervical plexus
ranges from C1-C5 nerves to note: 1. phrenic nerve = supplies the diaphragm and extends from the neck to the diaphragm (long) the phrenic nerve is especially marked in neck surgeries to avoid loss of patient breathing if nicked
47
brachial plexus
ranges from C5-T1 the brachial plexus overlaps with the cervical plexus nerves to note: 1. medial 2. ulnar 3. radial all three nerves supply the hand
48
lumbar plexus
ranges from T12-L4 the lumbar plexus overlaps with the sacral plexus and can be called the lumbosacral plexus major nerves: 1. obturator 2. femoral 3. lateral femoral cutaneous
49
sacral plexus
ranges from L4-S4 major nerves: 1. sciatic nerve = largest nerve of the leg, it supplies the back of the thigh to the back of the lower leg
50
reflex
definition: an immediate involuntary motor response
51
reflex arc pathway
1. sensory receptor stimulated 2. sensory info related to the CNS 3. CNS processes information 4. CNS activates a motor neuron 5. response on the effector
52
reflex classification
reflexes are classified based on... 1. development 2. site where info is processed 3. nature of the resulting motor response 4. neural circuit complexity
53
developmental reflexes
1. innate 2. acquired ex... the babinski reflex is innate
54
site where info is processed reflexes
1. spinal 2. cranial
55
nature of the motor response reflex
1. somatic 2. visceral 3. autonomic
56
circuit complexity
1. monosynaptic 2. polysynaptic (interneurons)
57
polysynaptic reflex example (landing on a nail)
58
stretch reflex example (monosynaptic)
patellar ligament stretch example 1. tap the patellar ligament 2. muscle stretches 3. intrafusal muscle spindle receptors fire 4. sends to the CNS via the dorsal ramus 5. no interneuron 6. extrafusal muscle fibers fire 7. quads contract

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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