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BILD X13 > urinary system (theory) > Flashcards

urinary system (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two cells to note in the urinary system?

A
  1. principle cells
  2. intercalated cells
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2
Q

principle cell function

A

-respond to aldosterone
-reabsorb sodium

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3
Q

intercalated cell function

A

-respond to pH changes
-excrete H+
-keep HCO3-

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4
Q

functions of the urinary system

A

-regulate plasma ion concentration
-regulate blood volume and pressure
-stabilize pH
-prevent nutrient loss
-synthesize calcitriol
-prevent dehydration
-help the liver

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5
Q

TS and TR

A

TR = tubular reabsorption
TS = tubular secretion

these mechanisms help nutrients in normal ranges

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6
Q

how does the urinary system affect blood pressure?

A

kidneys produce renin which is needed to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

angiotensin I is a weak vasoconstrictor

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7
Q

pathway of filtrate through the nephron

A

afferent artery –> renal capsule –> (glomerulus + bowman’s capsule) –> proximal convoluted tubule –> descending limb –> ascending limb –> distal convoluted tubule –> collecting duct –> papillary duct –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> urinary bladder –> urethra –> voiding of urine

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8
Q

what are the components of the urinary system?

A

-kidneys
-ureters
-urinary bladder
-urethra

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9
Q

what does the suprarenal gland produce?

A

hormones

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10
Q

which kidney is lower?

A

the right kidney bc the liver pushes it down

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11
Q

male vs female urethra and bacterial infection of the bladder

A

the female kidney is shorter than the male kidney which can result in bacterial infection because bacteria can travel a shorter distance to the bladder

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12
Q

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue for the kidneys?

A

-fibrous capsule
-perinephric fat
-renal fascia

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13
Q

what does the hilum of the kidney contain?

A

-renal artery
-renal vein
-ureters

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14
Q

what does the renal medulla consist of?

A

-renal pyramids
-renal papillae (pyramid apexes)
-renal columns (reach into cortex)

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15
Q

what does the renal pelvis consist of?

A

-minor calyces
-major calyces

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16
Q

where are the majority of nephrons?

A

85% of the nephrons are in the renal cortex
15% of nephrons are in the renal medulla (juxtamedullary nephrons)

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17
Q

branching of the renal artery

A

renal artery –> suprarenal artery –> segmental artery –> interlobar artery –> arcuate arteries –> cortical radiate arteries –> afferent arterioles –> glomerular capillaries

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18
Q

branching of the renal vein

A

starts opposite to the renal artery

glomerular capillaries –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular veins –> arcuate veins –> interlobar veins –> renal vein –> inferior vena cava

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19
Q

nephron components

A

-glomerulus
-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of Henle
-distal convoluted tubule
-collecting duct

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20
Q

cortical nephrons vs juxtamedullary nephrons

A

juxtamedullary nephrons have more concentrated urine because they have longer loops of Henle to collect more from the filtrate

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21
Q

how much of the water from the filtrate is absorbed in the nephron?

A

more than 80%, to prevent dehydration

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22
Q

contents of the renal corpuscle

A

-glomerulus
-bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

layers of bowman’s capsule

A

-visceral layer
-parietal layer

24
Q

bowman’s capsule parietal layer

A

made up of squamous cells and is continuous with the PCT lining

25
Q

bowman’s capsule visceral layer

A

made up of podocytes (pseudo legs)

podocytes have openings between them called filtration slits that allow desirable nutrients to pass into the PCT and be absorbed

26
Q

mesangial cells

A

phagocytes of the nephron

27
Q

3 layers of the renal corpuscle

A

-capillary endothelium
-basal lamina
-glomerular epithelium

28
Q

what does the capillary endothelium of the renal corpuscle allow through?

A

they allow nutrients that are smaller than 0.1 microns to enter

they prevent RBCs from entering the filtrate

29
Q

basal lamina function in the renal corpuscle

A

surrounds the capillary endothelium

this prevents large proteins from passing but lets smaller ones through

also lets ions and nutrients through

30
Q

glomerular epithelium function in the renal corpuscle

A

this is the site of podocytes and filtration slits

lets through… ions, water, small organic molecules

very few plasma proteins pass through here

31
Q

proteinuria

A

when there are proteins present in the urine

this can be normal in physiological states like pregnancy but can become a concern when they reach too high concentrations

32
Q

preeclampsia and eclampsia

A

preeclampsia conditions
-protein in urine
-increased BP
-swelling in the legs

eclampsia extra condition
-seizures

33
Q

PCT characteristics and function

A

proximal convoluted tubule

-lined with cuboid epithelium
-reabsorbs all organic nutrients
-reabsorbs ions too (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Bicarb, Phosphate, …)

34
Q

descending limb vs ascending limb

A

-water leaves the descending limb and enters the bloodstream
-ions are pumped out of the ascending loop to prevent ion loss

the ascending limb is impermeable to water because it is thicker than the descending limb

also filtrate is more concentrated in the ascending limb

35
Q

DCT characteristics and function

A

selective reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions

little H2O reabsorption

active secretion of ions and acids

36
Q

juxtaglomerular complex components

A

-macula densa cells
-juxtablomerular cells –> hormone producing cells
-mesangial cells

37
Q

what are the hormones produced by the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

-renin
-erythropoietin

38
Q

collecting system components

A

-collecting duct
-connecting tubules
-papillary ducts

the function of the collecting system is to make final adjustments to the concentration of the urine before sending to the urinary bladder

39
Q

ureteral openings

A

do not confuse with urethral opening

these are the openings of the ureters into the urinary bladder, ureters enter in the trigone area

40
Q

does the urinary bladder have rugae?

A

yes, this is to help with stretching of the bladder

41
Q

does the trigone area have rugae?
what is the trigone’s function?

A

-no it does not have rugae
-the function of the trigone area is to provide a smooth funnel for urine pass down into the urethra when the detrusor muscle contracts

42
Q

histology of the ureters (3 layers)

A

-inner mucosa
-middle muscular layer
-adventitia

43
Q

the two smooth muscle layers of the middle muscular layer of the ureter

A

-inner circular
-outer longitudinal

these layers help with peristaltic movement of urine

44
Q

location of the urinary bladder in males vs females

A

males –> between the rectum and the pubic symphysis

females –> inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina

45
Q

what are the two ligaments that help position the uterus

A

-medial umbilical ligament
-lateral umbilical ligament

46
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the detrusor muscle

A

parasymp –> contracts
symp –> relaxation

47
Q

subdivision of the male urethra vs the female urethra

A

males –> prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

females –> just the external urethra orifice

48
Q

prostatic urethra

A

passes through the prostate gland

49
Q

membranous urethra

A

passes through the urogenital diaphragm

50
Q

spongy urethra

A

passes through the penis (longest urethral section)

51
Q

the micturition reflex

A

peeing

52
Q

at what volume does the urge to urinate first appear?

A

200 mL, the bladder can accommodate more volume if needed but can become painful

53
Q

what happens to both sphincter muscles when the bladder reaches capacity?

A

both open due to pressure

54
Q

how much urine remains in the bladder after complete voidance?

A

10 mL, if the prostate enlarges the amount of residual urine can increase

55
Q
A

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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