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BILD X13 > reproductive system (female) > Flashcards

reproductive system (female) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the peritoneal folds that occur in females?

A

-rectouterine pouch
-vesicouterine pouch

during trauma, blood can pool in these areas

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2
Q

rectouterine pouch

A

a pouch of peritoneum that folds between the rectum and the uterus

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3
Q

vesicouterine pouch

A

a pouch of peritoneum that folds between the bladder and the uterus

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4
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

-perimetrium
-myometrium
-endometrium

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5
Q

notable ligaments of the uterus

A

these ligaments hold the uterus in place

-broad ligament
-uterosacral ligament
-suspensory ligament
-ovarian ligament

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6
Q

function of the broad ligament

A

-strongest and largest ligament of the uterus
-keeps uterus in place

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7
Q

function of the suspensory and ovarian ligaments

A

hold the ovaries in place

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8
Q

what is the external os used to determine?

A

the external os is the opening of the cervix

dilation can be measured from this

1 finger = 2 cm
4 fingers = full dilation

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9
Q

what is the egg nest also know as?

A

primordial follicles

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10
Q

maturation of the egg cells

A

primordial follicles –> secondary follicles –> tertiary follicles

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11
Q

how can you tell secondary follicles apart from tertiary follicles

A

both follicles have a space inside the cell, but the tertiary follicle has a space that takes up 2/3 of the cell

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12
Q

corpus luteum and pregnancy

A

the corpus luteum stays in pregnancy and is destroyed when not pregnant

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13
Q

what hormone surge causes the release of the oocyte

A

LH from the anterior pituitary gland on day 14

the surge is also called ovulation and the egg is released into the fallopian tube

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14
Q

what are the 4 hormones produced by the corpus luteum?

A

-estrogen
-progesterone
-inhibin
-relaxin

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15
Q

what tissue takes over for the corpus luteum?

A

the placenta

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16
Q

what does inhibin inhibit?

A

FSH from the anterior pituitary gland

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17
Q

what does relaxin do?

A

relaxes uterine ligaments and uterine muscle of the myometrium during birth

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18
Q

what initiates the ovarian cycle?

A

FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone

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19
Q

what are the cells of the zona pellucida?

A

granulosa cells

these cells produce estrogen and aromatase to convert testosterone from thecal cells to estrogen

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20
Q

what are the functions of estrogen?

A

-stimulates bone growth
-maintains secondary sex characteristics
-affects sex-related behaviors
-maintains reproductive gland functions
-initiates uterine lining repair and growth

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21
Q

what does the corpus luteum become when not pregnant?

A

corpus albicans (white body)

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22
Q

how many primordial follicles are there per ovary? how many are actually ovulated?

A

-200,000 primordial follicles
-500 are ovulated

23
Q

what are the four regions of the fallopian tubes?

A

-uterine part
-infundibulum (contains the fimbriae)
-ampulla
-isthmus

24
Q

why does the uterine tube have ciliated and non ciliated columnar cells?

A

ciliated = pushes egg down tube
nonciliated = peg cells = produces secretions to nourish the egg

the uterine tubes contain smooth muscle for peristaltic movement

25
Q

functions of the uterus

A

-protect the embryo
-nutritional support for the embryo
-removes waste from the embryo

26
Q

what is the 5th hormone produced by the placenta

A

human placental lactogen (HPL)

gets the breast ready for lactation

27
Q

what are the 3 suspensory ligaments of the uterus?

A

-uterosacral ligaments
-round ligaments
-cardinal ligaments

28
Q

what do the uterine vessels branch from?

A

the internal iliac artery

29
Q

what is the function of the rugae of the vagina?

A

to accommodate the baby during birth

30
Q

can the thickness of the cervical mucous change?

A

yes, depending on the hormones, thickness of the mucous can change

it’s not ideal to not use protection when the mucous is thin because the sperm can travel much easier through watery mucous

31
Q

what are the 3 muscle layers of the myometrium (similar to the stomach)

A

-inner circular
-outer longitudinal
-oblique

32
Q

what happens to the functional layer of the endometrium?

A

it is shedded once a month during a woman’s period

33
Q

what is the function of the basilar layer of the endometrium?

A

this layer participates in mitosis to replenish the functional layer

34
Q

what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

-proliferative phase
-secretory phase
-menses

35
Q

what is the menarche?

A

the first uterine cycle of puberty

36
Q

what is the proliferative phase?

A

thickening of the endometrium lining to prepare for implantation of a fertilized egg

37
Q

what is the secretory phase?

A

enlargement and elongation of the endometrial glands and blood vessels (respectively)

38
Q

what is the menses phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

a loss of excess endometrial cells due to constriction of blood vessels

a decrease in progestin and estrogen levels

this is menstruation

39
Q

menopause

A

the last uterine cycle

happens at 45-50 years old

40
Q

what are the recessed edges of the cervix called?

A

fornix

41
Q

is there bacteria in the vagina?

A

yes, they are fed by the cervical mucus

-bacteria in the vagina create an acidic environment to prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms

42
Q

what is moniliasis?

A

yeast infection due to acid imbalance of the vagina

43
Q

what is the clitoris analogous to in males?

A

glans penis

44
Q

what is the function of suspensory ligaments in the breasts?

A

-separates the glands
-stabilizes the breasts

45
Q

what is the function of the lobes of the mammary glands?

A

milk leaves these lobes and empty into the lactiferous ducts

46
Q

lactiferous sinuses

A

lactiferous ducts empty into the sinuses and store milk here

the sinuses empty out of the nipples

47
Q

what are the hormones that contribute to the development of mammary glands during pregnancy?

A

-PRL = prolactin
-GH = growth hormone
-HPL = human placental lactogen

the mammary glands become developed by 6 months into pregnancy

48
Q

how is oxytocin function different from HPL and PRL

A

oxytocin = milk ejection
HPL + PRL = milk production

49
Q

can the milk be released even without the infant sucking on the nipple?

A

yes, this is called the milk let-down reflex

50
Q

what forms from the zygote?

A

a blastocyst

this implants itself in the upper endometrial lining of the uterus

51
Q

what does the placenta release when the blastocyst implants itself?

A

HCG = human chorionic gonadotropin

this keeps the corpus luteum active

HCG presence indicates if one is pregnant

52
Q

what happens if the blastocyst implants itself in the lower uterine wall

A

results in an ectopic pregnancy –> needs a C-section (placenta praevia)

53
Q

what is the male equivalent of menopause

A

andropause

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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