reproductive system (female) Flashcards by sid suing

what are the peritoneal folds that occur in females?

-rectouterine pouch
-vesicouterine pouch

during trauma, blood can pool in these areas

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rectouterine pouch

a pouch of peritoneum that folds between the rectum and the uterus

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vesicouterine pouch

a pouch of peritoneum that folds between the bladder and the uterus

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what are the 3 layers of the uterus

-perimetrium
-myometrium
-endometrium

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notable ligaments of the uterus

these ligaments hold the uterus in place

-broad ligament
-uterosacral ligament
-suspensory ligament
-ovarian ligament

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function of the broad ligament

-strongest and largest ligament of the uterus
-keeps uterus in place

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function of the suspensory and ovarian ligaments

hold the ovaries in place

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what is the external os used to determine?

the external os is the opening of the cervix

dilation can be measured from this

1 finger = 2 cm
4 fingers = full dilation

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what is the egg nest also know as?

primordial follicles

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maturation of the egg cells

primordial follicles –> secondary follicles –> tertiary follicles

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how can you tell secondary follicles apart from tertiary follicles

both follicles have a space inside the cell, but the tertiary follicle has a space that takes up 2/3 of the cell

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corpus luteum and pregnancy

the corpus luteum stays in pregnancy and is destroyed when not pregnant

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what hormone surge causes the release of the oocyte

LH from the anterior pituitary gland on day 14

the surge is also called ovulation and the egg is released into the fallopian tube

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what are the 4 hormones produced by the corpus luteum?

-estrogen
-progesterone
-inhibin
-relaxin

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what tissue takes over for the corpus luteum?

the placenta

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what does inhibin inhibit?

FSH from the anterior pituitary gland

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what does relaxin do?

relaxes uterine ligaments and uterine muscle of the myometrium during birth

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what initiates the ovarian cycle?

FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone

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what are the cells of the zona pellucida?

granulosa cells

these cells produce estrogen and aromatase to convert testosterone from thecal cells to estrogen

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what are the functions of estrogen?

-stimulates bone growth
-maintains secondary sex characteristics
-affects sex-related behaviors
-maintains reproductive gland functions
-initiates uterine lining repair and growth

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what does the corpus luteum become when not pregnant?

corpus albicans (white body)

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how many primordial follicles are there per ovary? how many are actually ovulated?

-200,000 primordial follicles
-500 are ovulated

what are the four regions of the fallopian tubes?

-uterine part
-infundibulum (contains the fimbriae)
-ampulla
-isthmus

why does the uterine tube have ciliated and non ciliated columnar cells?

ciliated = pushes egg down tube
nonciliated = peg cells = produces secretions to nourish the egg

the uterine tubes contain smooth muscle for peristaltic movement

functions of the uterus

-protect the embryo -nutritional support for the embryo -removes waste from the embryo

what is the 5th hormone produced by the placenta

human placental lactogen (HPL) gets the breast ready for lactation

what are the 3 suspensory ligaments of the uterus?

-uterosacral ligaments -round ligaments -cardinal ligaments

what do the uterine vessels branch from?

the internal iliac artery

what is the function of the rugae of the vagina?

to accommodate the baby during birth

can the thickness of the cervical mucous change?

yes, depending on the hormones, thickness of the mucous can change it's not ideal to not use protection when the mucous is thin because the sperm can travel much easier through watery mucous

what are the 3 muscle layers of the myometrium (similar to the stomach)

-inner circular -outer longitudinal -oblique

what happens to the functional layer of the endometrium?

it is shedded once a month during a woman's period

what is the function of the basilar layer of the endometrium?

this layer participates in mitosis to replenish the functional layer

what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle

-proliferative phase -secretory phase -menses

what is the menarche?

the first uterine cycle of puberty

what is the proliferative phase?

thickening of the endometrium lining to prepare for implantation of a fertilized egg

what is the secretory phase?

enlargement and elongation of the endometrial glands and blood vessels (respectively)

what is the menses phase of the menstrual cycle?

a loss of excess endometrial cells due to constriction of blood vessels a decrease in progestin and estrogen levels this is menstruation

menopause

the last uterine cycle happens at 45-50 years old

what are the recessed edges of the cervix called?

fornix

is there bacteria in the vagina?

yes, they are fed by the cervical mucus -bacteria in the vagina create an acidic environment to prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms

what is moniliasis?

yeast infection due to acid imbalance of the vagina

what is the clitoris analogous to in males?

glans penis

what is the function of suspensory ligaments in the breasts?

-separates the glands -stabilizes the breasts

what is the function of the lobes of the mammary glands?

milk leaves these lobes and empty into the lactiferous ducts

lactiferous sinuses

lactiferous ducts empty into the sinuses and store milk here the sinuses empty out of the nipples

what are the hormones that contribute to the development of mammary glands during pregnancy?

-PRL = prolactin -GH = growth hormone -HPL = human placental lactogen the mammary glands become developed by 6 months into pregnancy

how is oxytocin function different from HPL and PRL

oxytocin = milk ejection HPL + PRL = milk production

can the milk be released even without the infant sucking on the nipple?

yes, this is called the milk let-down reflex

what forms from the zygote?

a blastocyst this implants itself in the upper endometrial lining of the uterus

what does the placenta release when the blastocyst implants itself?

HCG = human chorionic gonadotropin this keeps the corpus luteum active HCG presence indicates if one is pregnant

what happens if the blastocyst implants itself in the lower uterine wall

results in an ectopic pregnancy --> needs a C-section (placenta praevia)

what is the male equivalent of menopause

andropause