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joints Flashcards

1
Q

joint classification

A
  1. function –> range of motion
  2. structure –> what is the joint made up of
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2
Q

range of motion classification

A
  1. synarthrosis
  2. amphiarthrosis
  3. diarthrosis
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3
Q

synarthrosis

A

an immovable joint

ex… sutures of the cranial bones

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4
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

a slightly moveable joint

ex… the vertebrae

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5
Q

diarthrosis

A

a freely moveable joint

ex… shoulder joint, hip joints

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6
Q

synarthrosis subcategories

A
  1. sutures
  2. gomphosis
  3. synchondrosis
  4. synostosis
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7
Q

sutures

A

joints made by interlocking bones

ex… sutures of the cranium

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8
Q

gomphosis

A

periodontal ligaments of the teeth and jaw bones

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9
Q

synchondrosis

A

joint within the epiphysis of the long bones

ex… epiphyseal plate

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10
Q

synostosis

A

joint between two fused bones

ex… the fusion of the three coxal bones of the pelvic girdle
-ilium
-pubis
-ischium

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11
Q

amphiarthrosis subcategories

A
  1. syndesmosis
  2. symphysis
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12
Q

syndesmosis

A

ligaments connecting two bones BUT also limit their motion

ex… the distal joint of the radius and ulna

ex… the joint between the tibia and fibula

ex… intervertebral discs

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13
Q

symphysis

A

bones separated by a wedge/pad of cartilage

ex… between the pubic bones

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14
Q

distal radius and ulna restriction

A

unlike the proximal joint of the radius and ulna the distal joint can’t protonate/supinate

the proximal joint is diarthrosis

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15
Q

diarthrosis subcategories

A
  1. synovial joints
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16
Q

synovial joints

A

found at the ends of a long bone

ex… shoulder joint
ex… hip joint
ex…knee joint
ex… elbow joint

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17
Q

monoaxial, biaxial, triaxial

A

mono –> 1x axis
bi –> 2x axis
tri –> 3x axis

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18
Q

joint cheat sheet

A
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19
Q

synovial joints breakdown

A

six characteristics…
1. joint capsule
2. articular cartilages
3. joint cavity w/ synovial fluid
4. synovial membrane
5. accessory structures (bursae ligaments, tendons)
6. sensory nerves and blood vessels

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20
Q

synoviocytes

A

cells of the synovial joint. present in the synovial fluid

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21
Q

bursae

A

the bursae is a sac like part of the synovial joint that lubricates the joint

it acts as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues

the bursae be inflamed resulting in bursitis

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22
Q

the histological structure of joints

A
  1. bony fusion
  2. fibrous joint
  3. cartilaginous joint
  4. synovial joint
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23
Q

bony fusion

A

frontal bone fusion

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24
Q

fibrous joint

A

the sutures of the skull

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25
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

ex… pubic symphysis

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26
Q

synovial joint

A

ball and socket / hinge joints

ex… knee and elbow joints
ex… joints of the fingers

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27
Q

interpharangeal joint

A

synovial joint between the phalanges of the fingers

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28
Q

metacarpopharangeal joint

A

synovial joint between the metacarpal bone and proximal phalanges of the fingers

29
Q

synovial fluid functions

A
  1. joint lubrication
  2. shock absorption
30
Q

synovial joint accessory structures

A
  1. menisci (lateral + medial)
  2. ligaments (fibular collateral ligament)
  3. tendons (quadriceps tendon)
  4. bursae
31
Q

strength vs mobility tradeoff

A

the stronger the joint, the less mobility it has

this is to reduce the changes of injury at the cost of range of motion

ex… the acrominoclaviular is very mobile, but easy to break

32
Q

types of movement

A
  1. linear
  2. angular
  3. circumduction
  4. rotation
  5. special movements
33
Q

linear movements

A

bones gliding past each other

ex… carpals to carpals
ex… tarsals to tarsals
ex… clavicle to sternum

34
Q

angular movements

A

movements along an axis

  1. abduction / adduction
  2. flexion / extension
35
Q

gliding joints

36
Q

abduction / adduction

A

lateral movement outwards

ex… the abductional movement of the wrist is limited by the styloid process of the radius

37
Q

flexion / extension

A

ex… hips forwards and backwards

38
Q

rotational movement

A

protonation / supination

ex… the protonation / supination of the proximal radioulnar joint

39
Q

circumduction movement

A

moving the joint in a circular manner

ex… the hip

40
Q

special movements

A
  1. inversion / eversion –> foot
  2. dorsiflexion / plantar flexion –> foot (up and down)
  3. lateral flexion –> neck side to side
  4. protraction / retraction –> TMJ
  5. opposition –> thumb
  6. depression / elevation –> TMJ
41
Q

further synovial joint classification

A
  1. gliding joints, monoaxial
  2. pivot joint, monoaxial
  3. hinge joint, monoaxial
  4. saddle joint, biaxial
  5. ellipsoid joint, biaxial
  6. ball and socket joint, triaxial
42
Q

gliding joint example

A

sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, intercarpal

43
Q

pivot joint examples

A

atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar

44
Q

saddle joint example

A

first carpometacarpal
-flexion / extension
-abduction / adduction

45
Q

hinge joint examples

A

elbow and knee joints

46
Q

ellipsoid joint examples

A

metacarpopharangeal joints

47
Q

ball and socket examples

A

shoulder and hip joints

48
Q

TMJ

A

temporomandibular joint, made up of the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

  1. stylomandibular ligament
  2. lateral ligament
  3. sphenomandibular joint
49
Q

stylomandibular joint

A

connects the styloid process to the mandible

50
Q

lateral ligament

A

connects the zygomatic process to the mandibular condylar process

51
Q

sphenomandibular ligament

A

connects the sphenoid bone to the mandible

52
Q

the 5 intervertebral ligaments

A
  1. anterior longitudinal
  2. interspinous
  3. supraspinous
  4. posterior longitudinal
  5. ligamentum flavum
53
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

stabilizes vertebral bodies from the front

54
Q

interspinous

A

holds the spinous processes

55
Q

supraspinous

A

above the interspinous ligaments

56
Q

posterior longitudinal ligaments

A

stabilizes the vertebrae from the back

57
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

elastic ligaments that connect the laminae of the vertebrae

58
Q

vertebral movements

A
  1. anterior flexion –> forwards
  2. extension –> backwards
  3. lateral flexion –> side to side
  4. rotation –> twisting
59
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

made up of 3 bones…
1. scapula
2. clavicle
3. humerus

sternoclavicular ligament
interclavicular ligament
costoclavicular ligament

60
Q

shoulder joint

A

ball and socket joint

  1. glenohumeral ligament
  2. coracohumeral ligament
  3. coracoclavicular ligament
  4. coracoacromial ligament
  5. acromioclavicular ligament
  6. subdeltoid bursa
  7. subacromial and subcoracoid bursae
61
Q

elbow joint

A

a hinge joint

  1. radial collateral ligament
  2. ulnar collateral ligament
  3. annular ligament
62
Q

wrist joints

A
  1. palmar radiocarpal ligament
  2. dorsal radiocarpal ligament
  3. ulnar collateral ligament
  4. radial collateral ligament
  5. carpometacarpal joint
  6. intercarpal joint
  7. metacarpophalangeal joint
  8. interphalangeal joint
63
Q

hip joint

A
  1. iliofemoral ligament
  2. pubofemoral ligament
  3. ischiofemoral ligament
64
Q

knee joint

A
  1. tibial collateral ligament
  2. fibular collateral ligament
  3. patellar collateral ligament
  4. patellar retinaculum
  5. popliteal ligaments
  6. anterior cruciate ligament
  7. posterior cruciate ligament
65
Q

ankle and foot ligaments

A
  1. deltoid ligament
  2. calcaneofibular
  3. anterior talofibular
  4. posterior talofibular
  5. intertarsal joint
  6. tarsometatarsal joint
  7. metatarsophalangeal joint
66
Q

calcaneal tendon

A

largest tendon of the body

67
Q

rheumatism (rhematioid arthritis)

A

autoimmune disease that attacks the joints

68
Q

arthritis

A

normal wear and tear of the joints

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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