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BILD X13 > Musculoskeletal (theory) > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

three muscle tissue types

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardia muscle
  3. smooth muscle
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2
Q

muscle tissue properties

A
  1. excitability
  2. contractility
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
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3
Q

excitability

A

responds to stimuli

ex… nerve innervation

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4
Q

contractility

A

muscle’s ability to shorten

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5
Q

extensibility

A

to contract over a range of resting lengths

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6
Q

elasticity

A

ability to rebound to its original length

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7
Q

SKM functions

A
  1. skeletal movement –> pulling on tendons to move bones
  2. maintain posture –> stabilize the joints
  3. soft tissue support –> of the visceral organs
  4. regulate material entrance and exit
  5. maintain body temp
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8
Q

regulate material entrance and exit

A

there is SKM to voluntarily control…
1. swallowing
2. defecation
3. urination

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9
Q

body temp maintanance

A

the contraction of muscles can produce heat

ex… we shiver to maintain our body heat

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10
Q

gross anatomy

A

the study of the muscles and associated structures as a whole…

  1. muscle organization
  2. connective tissue associated with muscles
  3. nerves innervating muscles
  4. blood vessels associated with muscles
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11
Q

microscopic anatomy of the muscle

A

studying the components of a muscle

  1. myofibrils
  2. myofilaments
  3. sarcomeres
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12
Q

sarcomeres

A

the smallest unit of muscle contraction

made up of overlapping actin and myosin

parallel to the long axis of the cell

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13
Q

muscle connective tissue

A

all connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle is dense tissue…

  1. epimysium
  2. perimysium
  3. endomysium
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14
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds the entire muscle

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15
Q

perimysium

A

divides the muscle into fascicles, blood vessels reside in the perimysium

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16
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds the individual muscle fibers, surrounds myofibrils

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17
Q

myofibrils

A

surrounded by epimysium

responsible for contraction and are attached to the sarcolemma

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18
Q

myofilaments

A

makes up the myofibrils, made up of thick and thin filaments

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19
Q

tendons

A

connects muscle to bone

the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium converge to form tendons

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20
Q

aponeuroses

A

connects muscle to muscle

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21
Q

nerve innervation

A

penetrates the epimysium

NTs are released onto receptors of the muscle (NMJ)

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22
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

attack of the myeline sheaths resulting in weakened muscle contractions

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23
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

destruction of muscle receptors for acetylcholine

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24
Q

blood vessels innervation

A

parallel to the nerves that innervate the epimysium

branch networks to accommodate flexion and extension

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25
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle tissue plasma membrane, gets depolarized first when ACh acts on receptor

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26
Q

sarcoplasm

A

muscle cell cytosol

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27
Q

order of depolarization

A
  1. sarcolemma
  2. t tubules
  3. sarcoplasmic reticulum
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28
Q

t tubules

A

junctions in the sarcolemma that reach into the muscle and neighbor the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

myosatellite cells

A

stem cells to help recover damaged muscle cells, these are lost over time

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30
Q

muscle cell striations

A

made up of overlapping actin and myosin filaments

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31
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

surrounds the myofibrils

contains Ca2+

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32
Q

Ca2+ on troponin

A

binds troponin C

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33
Q

myosin

A

thick filaments

34
Q

actin

A

thin filaments

35
Q

Z line

A

where myosin filaments attach to via titin

also where actin filaments are directly attached

36
Q

I band

A

just actin and titin

37
Q

A band

A

overlap between actin and myosin filaments

38
Q

H band

A

just the myosin filaments and the M line

39
Q

M line

A

where the myosin filaments attach to

40
Q

muscle organization (largest to smallest)

A
  1. skeletal muscles
  2. muscle fascicles
  3. muscle fibers
  4. myofibrils
  5. sarcomeres
  6. myofilaments
  7. actin and myosin
41
Q

actin composition

A

actin consists of G actin and F actin

42
Q

G actin

A

globular molecules that contain the active site for myosin

tropomyosin covers the active site and is held in place by troponin

43
Q

troponin types

A
  1. I –> for heart attacks
  2. T –> non specific
  3. C –> what Ca2+ binds to
44
Q

myosin head hydrolysis

A

ATP is hydrolyzed in the globular heads of myosin

45
Q

hypocalcemia

A

when Ca2+ falls below 7 g/dL causing convulsions

specifically convulsions of the laryngeal muscles –> can’t breath

46
Q

sliding filament theory (what shortens, lengthens, stays the same)

A
  1. H band and I band get smaller
  2. zone of overlap gets bigger
  3. sarcomeres get smaller
  4. A band remains constant
47
Q

ACh esterase

A

breaks down ACh to relax the muscle

48
Q

shwann cells

A

form myeline sheaths on the PNS

49
Q

mitochondrion role in the NMJ

A

moves vesicles of ACh closer to the terminal end of the axon

50
Q

muscle contraction

A
  1. NT release onto receptors
  2. depolarize sarcolemma
  3. SR releases Ca2+
  4. Ca2+ binds troponin
  5. tropomyosin roles revealing active site
  6. myosin binds
  7. ATP hydrolysis and release to cause pivot motion
  8. ATP binds myosin again to release them
51
Q

motor units

A
  1. precise control –> less muscle innervation
  2. imprecise control –> more innervation
52
Q

muscle tension

A

the level of contraction depends on the amount of motor units involved

this is because individual contractions are all or nothing so the combination of multiple fibers contracting to completion influences the level of contraction

53
Q

muscle tone

A

muscle tension when relaxed

ex… standing up

54
Q

muscle spindles

A

special cells monitored by sensory nerves to control muscle tone

55
Q

hypertrophy

A

muscle enlargement due to increased exercise

  1. increase mitochondria number
  2. increase spindle activity
  3. increase glycolytic enzyme concentration
  4. increase glycogen reserves
  5. increase myofibril numbers
56
Q

muscle atrophy

A

discontinued muscle use

57
Q

hyperplasia

A

an increase in the number of cells NOT due to hypertrophy

ex… cancer

58
Q

three major fiber types

A
  1. fast fibers
  2. intermediate fibers
  3. slow fibers
59
Q

fast fibers

A

-white
-easily fatigued
-less mitochondria
-fast contractions
-large diameter

60
Q

slow fibers

A

-red
-has more myoglobin
-more mitochondria
-NOT easily fatigued
-slow reactions

61
Q

intermediate fibers

A

-pink
mix of fast and slow fiber characteristics

62
Q

muscle classification (arrangement)

A
  1. parallel
  2. convergent
  3. pennate
    -unipennate
    -bipennate
    -multipennate
  4. circular
63
Q

parallel fibers

A

fascicles are parallel to the longitudinal axis

ex.. biceps brachii and rectus abdominus

64
Q

convergent fibers

A

all fibers meet at one point

ex.. pectoralis major

65
Q

pennate fibers

A

form an oblique angle to the tendon

looks like a feather

66
Q

unipennate

A

ex… extensor digitorum

67
Q

bipennate

A

ex… rectus femoris

68
Q

multipennate

A

ex… deltoid muscle

69
Q

circular muscles

A

form concentric rings

ex… orbicularis oculi and orsi

70
Q

origin and insertion

A

muscles are often named based on their points of origin and insertion

origin = muscle is stationary
insertion = muscle is movable

71
Q

action

A

what the muscle does when contracted

  1. flexor
  2. extensor
  3. abductor
72
Q

four types of primary action

A
  1. primer movers
  2. antagonists
  3. synergists
  4. fixators
73
Q

prime movers

A

responsible for the main movement

ex… biceps brachii

74
Q

antagonists

A

opposes the prime movers

ex… triceps brachii

75
Q

synergists

A

help the prime movers

ex… latissmus dorsi and teres major

76
Q

fixators

A

stabilization of a joint with the help of both prime movers and antagonists

ex… flexor and extensor muscles of the outstretched hand

77
Q

levers and pulleys

A

lever = the force of a muscle contraction being exerted over a bone and pivoting at a fulcrum point, opposed by a force of gravity

pulleys = a tendon stretched over a bone that sets the origin of contraction far away from the site of action

78
Q

first class lever

A

the fulcrum (J) sits between the applied force (AF) and the resistance force (RF)

ex… moving head up and down

79
Q

second class

A

the resistance force (RF) sits between the applied force (AF) and the fulcrum (J)

ex… standing on your tip toes

80
Q

third class

A

the applied force (AF) sits between the resistance force (RF) and the fulcrum (J)

ex… flexing the lower arm

81
Q

pulley (lateral malleolus)

A

the fibularis longus contracts and pulls the foot down (plantar flexion) and can cause outward motion (eversion)

82
Q

pulley (patella)

A

the quadriceps muscles contract causing extension of the leg

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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