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BILD X13 > Musculoskeletal (theory) > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

three muscle tissue types

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardia muscle
  3. smooth muscle
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2
Q

muscle tissue properties

A
  1. excitability
  2. contractility
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
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3
Q

excitability

A

responds to stimuli

ex… nerve innervation

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4
Q

contractility

A

muscle’s ability to shorten

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5
Q

extensibility

A

to contract over a range of resting lengths

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6
Q

elasticity

A

ability to rebound to its original length

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7
Q

SKM functions

A
  1. skeletal movement –> pulling on tendons to move bones
  2. maintain posture –> stabilize the joints
  3. soft tissue support –> of the visceral organs
  4. regulate material entrance and exit
  5. maintain body temp
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8
Q

regulate material entrance and exit

A

there is SKM to voluntarily control…
1. swallowing
2. defecation
3. urination

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9
Q

body temp maintanance

A

the contraction of muscles can produce heat

ex… we shiver to maintain our body heat

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10
Q

gross anatomy

A

the study of the muscles and associated structures as a whole…

  1. muscle organization
  2. connective tissue associated with muscles
  3. nerves innervating muscles
  4. blood vessels associated with muscles
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11
Q

microscopic anatomy of the muscle

A

studying the components of a muscle

  1. myofibrils
  2. myofilaments
  3. sarcomeres
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12
Q

sarcomeres

A

the smallest unit of muscle contraction

made up of overlapping actin and myosin

parallel to the long axis of the cell

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13
Q

muscle connective tissue

A

all connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle is dense tissue…

  1. epimysium
  2. perimysium
  3. endomysium
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14
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds the entire muscle

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15
Q

perimysium

A

divides the muscle into fascicles, blood vessels reside in the perimysium

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16
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds the individual muscle fibers, surrounds myofibrils

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17
Q

myofibrils

A

surrounded by epimysium

responsible for contraction and are attached to the sarcolemma

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18
Q

myofilaments

A

makes up the myofibrils, made up of thick and thin filaments

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19
Q

tendons

A

connects muscle to bone

the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium converge to form tendons

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20
Q

aponeuroses

A

connects muscle to muscle

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21
Q

nerve innervation

A

penetrates the epimysium

NTs are released onto receptors of the muscle (NMJ)

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22
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

attack of the myeline sheaths resulting in weakened muscle contractions

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23
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

destruction of muscle receptors for acetylcholine

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24
Q

blood vessels innervation

A

parallel to the nerves that innervate the epimysium

branch networks to accommodate flexion and extension

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25
sarcolemma
muscle tissue plasma membrane, gets depolarized first when ACh acts on receptor
26
sarcoplasm
muscle cell cytosol
27
order of depolarization
1. sarcolemma 2. t tubules 3. sarcoplasmic reticulum
28
t tubules
junctions in the sarcolemma that reach into the muscle and neighbor the sarcoplasmic reticulum
29
myosatellite cells
stem cells to help recover damaged muscle cells, these are lost over time
30
muscle cell striations
made up of overlapping actin and myosin filaments
31
sarcoplasmic reticulum
surrounds the myofibrils contains Ca2+
32
Ca2+ on troponin
binds troponin C
33
myosin
thick filaments
34
actin
thin filaments
35
Z line
where myosin filaments attach to via titin also where actin filaments are directly attached
36
I band
just actin and titin
37
A band
overlap between actin and myosin filaments
38
H band
just the myosin filaments and the M line
39
M line
where the myosin filaments attach to
40
muscle organization (largest to smallest)
1. skeletal muscles 2. muscle fascicles 3. muscle fibers 4. myofibrils 5. sarcomeres 6. myofilaments 7. actin and myosin
41
actin composition
actin consists of G actin and F actin
42
G actin
globular molecules that contain the active site for myosin tropomyosin covers the active site and is held in place by troponin
43
troponin types
1. I --> for heart attacks 2. T --> non specific 3. C --> what Ca2+ binds to
44
myosin head hydrolysis
ATP is hydrolyzed in the globular heads of myosin
45
hypocalcemia
when Ca2+ falls below 7 g/dL causing convulsions specifically convulsions of the laryngeal muscles --> can't breath
46
sliding filament theory (what shortens, lengthens, stays the same)
1. H band and I band get smaller 2. zone of overlap gets bigger 3. sarcomeres get smaller 4. A band remains constant
47
ACh esterase
breaks down ACh to relax the muscle
48
shwann cells
form myeline sheaths on the PNS
49
mitochondrion role in the NMJ
moves vesicles of ACh closer to the terminal end of the axon
50
muscle contraction
1. NT release onto receptors 2. depolarize sarcolemma 3. SR releases Ca2+ 4. Ca2+ binds troponin 5. tropomyosin roles revealing active site 6. myosin binds 7. ATP hydrolysis and release to cause pivot motion 8. ATP binds myosin again to release them
51
motor units
1. precise control --> less muscle innervation 2. imprecise control --> more innervation
52
muscle tension
the level of contraction depends on the amount of motor units involved this is because individual contractions are all or nothing so the combination of multiple fibers contracting to completion influences the level of contraction
53
muscle tone
muscle tension when relaxed ex... standing up
54
muscle spindles
special cells monitored by sensory nerves to control muscle tone
55
hypertrophy
muscle enlargement due to increased exercise 1. increase mitochondria number 2. increase spindle activity 3. increase glycolytic enzyme concentration 4. increase glycogen reserves 5. increase myofibril numbers
56
muscle atrophy
discontinued muscle use
57
hyperplasia
an increase in the number of cells NOT due to hypertrophy ex... cancer
58
three major fiber types
1. fast fibers 2. intermediate fibers 3. slow fibers
59
fast fibers
-white -easily fatigued -less mitochondria -fast contractions -large diameter
60
slow fibers
-red -has more myoglobin -more mitochondria -NOT easily fatigued -slow reactions
61
intermediate fibers
-pink mix of fast and slow fiber characteristics
62
muscle classification (arrangement)
1. parallel 2. convergent 3. pennate -unipennate -bipennate -multipennate 4. circular
63
parallel fibers
fascicles are parallel to the longitudinal axis ex.. biceps brachii and rectus abdominus
64
convergent fibers
all fibers meet at one point ex.. pectoralis major
65
pennate fibers
form an oblique angle to the tendon looks like a feather
66
unipennate
ex... extensor digitorum
67
bipennate
ex... rectus femoris
68
multipennate
ex... deltoid muscle
69
circular muscles
form concentric rings ex... orbicularis oculi and orsi
70
origin and insertion
muscles are often named based on their points of origin and insertion origin = muscle is stationary insertion = muscle is movable
71
action
what the muscle does when contracted 1. flexor 2. extensor 3. abductor
72
four types of primary action
1. primer movers 2. antagonists 3. synergists 4. fixators
73
prime movers
responsible for the main movement ex... biceps brachii
74
antagonists
opposes the prime movers ex... triceps brachii
75
synergists
help the prime movers ex... latissmus dorsi and teres major
76
fixators
stabilization of a joint with the help of both prime movers and antagonists ex... flexor and extensor muscles of the outstretched hand
77
levers and pulleys
lever = the force of a muscle contraction being exerted over a bone and pivoting at a fulcrum point, opposed by a force of gravity pulleys = a tendon stretched over a bone that sets the origin of contraction far away from the site of action
78
first class lever
the fulcrum (J) sits between the applied force (AF) and the resistance force (RF) ex... moving head up and down
79
second class
the resistance force (RF) sits between the applied force (AF) and the fulcrum (J) ex... standing on your tip toes
80
third class
the applied force (AF) sits between the resistance force (RF) and the fulcrum (J) ex... flexing the lower arm
81
pulley (lateral malleolus)
the fibularis longus contracts and pulls the foot down (plantar flexion) and can cause outward motion (eversion)
82
pulley (patella)
the quadriceps muscles contract causing extension of the leg

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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