axial musculature (theory) Flashcards
1
Q
axial musculature function
A
- helps position the head and vertebral column
- moves the rib cage
2
Q
4 axial muscle groups
A
- muscles of the head and neck
- muscles of the vertebral column
- oblique and rectus muscles (eyes)
- muscles of the pelvic floor
3
Q
muscle groups of the head and neck
A
- facial muscles
- extra-ocular muscles
- mastication
- pharynx
- tongue
- neck (anterior)
4
Q
facial muscle nerve supply
A
the facial nerve (CN VII)
5
Q
extra-ocular nerve supply
A
the extra and intra ocular muscles are supplied by the occulomotor nerve (CN III)
EXCEPT
the lateral rectus (CN VI) and the superior oblique (CN IV)
6
Q
CN VI
A
abducens nerve
7
Q
CN IV
A
trochlear nerve
8
Q
mastication nerve supply
A
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
8
Q
facial expression muscles
A
- buccinator
- depressor labii inferioris
- levator labii superioris
- orbicularis oris
- levator anguli oris
- depressor anguli oris
- zygomatic major and minor
- risorius
- mentalis
9
Q
frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis
A
helps move the eyebrows
10
Q
orbicularis oculi
A
helps close the eye
11
Q
nasalis
A
compresses the nose bridge
12
Q
zygomaticus minor
A
moves lips up and back
13
Q
zygomaticus major
A
has dimples
14
Q
orbicularis oris
A
helps with whistling and blowing of the mouth
15
Q
risorius
A
helps with smiling
16
Q
mentalis
A
wrinkles the chin (pouting muscle)
17
Q
epicranial aponeuroses
A
connects the occipitofrontalis and the posterior occipitalis
18
Q
temporoparietalis
A
tenses the scalp and moves the ear
19
Q
procerus
A
changes the shape of the nostrils and draws the medial eyebrow inferior (line between eyebrows)
20
Q
levator labii superioris
A
helps lift lips
21
Q
buccinator
A
cheek muscle
the name means “trumpet player”
the buccinator is utilized for blowing air
22
Q
depressor anguli oris
A
helps pull the lip down
23
Q
platysma
A
a muscle connected the mandible and covers the sternocleidomastoid muscle
this NOT a facial or mastication muscle
it tightens the skin around the neck and can depress the mandible
24
extra-ocular muscles
controls extrinsic eye movement
1. superior and inferior obliques
2. superior and inferior rectus
3. lateral rectus
4. medial rectus
5. trochlea
25
trochlea
a ligamentous sling that the superior oblique passes through, this acts as a pulley
this helps the superior oblique twist the eye down and laterally to the side
26
superior and inferior rectus
superior = eye looks up
inferior = eye looks down
27
superior oblique
pulls the eye down and laterally
innervated by CN IV (trochlear nerves)
28
lateral rectus
innervated by the abducens nerve (CN VI)
this pulls the eye laterally
29
medial rectus
pulls the eye towards the medial line
30
eye paralysis example
if you recognize the eye is pointing to the midline and the patient can't point their eye to the side laterally, there's likely a problem with the lateral rectus or the abducens nerve (CN VI) that supplies it
31
levator palpebrae superioris
helps lift the eye lid up
32
mastication muscles
all mastication muscles are supplied by the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
1. masseter
2. temporalis
3. pterygoids
33
masseter
elevates the mandible and closes the jaw
also helps protract and retract the mandible
34
temporalis
elevates mandible, helps retract, moves the mandible side to side
35
medial pterygoid
elevates the mandible and closes the jaw
36
lateral pterygoid
depresses the mandible and opens the jaw
37
trigeminal nerve branches
aside from innervating the mastication muscles, CN V also gives sensation to the face area
there are 3 branches...
1. ophthalmic branch
2. maxillary branch
3. mandibular branch
if a patient can't feel their maxillae it's likely a problem with the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve
38
tongue muscles
all are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) EXCEPT for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X)
bc the tongue can move in complex directions, all tongue muscle fibers intersect and perform similar movements
1. genioglossus
2. hyoglossus
3. palatoglossus
4. styloglossus
39
genioglossus
depression and protraction
40
hyoglossus
depression and retraction
41
palatoglossus
elevation and soft palate depression
42
styloglossus
retraction and side movement
43
pharynx muscles
all are innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X) EXCEPT for the stylopharyngeus which is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
1. tensor veli palatini
2. levator veli palatini
3. stylopharyngeus
4. palatopharyngeus
5. superior pharyngeal constrictor
6. middle pharyngeal constrictor
7. inferior pharyngeal constrictor
44
tensor veli and levator veli palatini
both elevate the palate
45
stylopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus
both are laryngeal elevators and shorten the pharynx to help with swallowing
the fibers are arranged longitudinally which help with shortening
46
pharyngeal constrictors
help constrict the pharynx (shortening the diameter) to help with peristaltic movement
the fibers are arranged circularly
47
salpingopharyngeus
equalizes the air pressure when swallowing
48
muscles of the neck
don't need to know the innervation
most of these muscles elevate and depress the hyoid
1. mylohyoid
2. geniohyoid
3. stylohyoid
4. omohyoid
5. sternohyoid
6. sternothyroid
7. thyrohyoid
8. sternocleidomastoid
49
sternocleidomastoid
connects the sternum to the mandible
2 main functions...
1. turn the head laterally
2. assist in lifting up the clavicle and the sternum in inhalation
50
mylohoid
elevates the hyoid when we swallow
51
geniohyoid
elevates the hyoid and depresses the mandible
52
thyrohyoid
connects the hyoid to the thyroid cartilage
53
thyroid cartilage
makes up the adam's apple
54
cricothyroid
connects the thyroid to the cricoid cartilage
55
cricothyroidotomy
an emergency procedure to open a patient's airway
the incision is made between the patient's cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage to gain access to the airway
56
muscles of the back
there are 3 categories of back muscles...
1. superficial intrinsic
2. intermediate intrinsic
3. deep intrinsic
1. trapezius
2. latissimus dorsi
3. levator scapulae
4. rhomboid muscles
57
trapezius
extends the neck
58
splenius capitis
extends the neck also
59
rhomboid minor and major
both help retract the scapulae
60
serratus posterior (superior and inferior)
superior = helps elevate the ribs during inhalation
inferior = helps with forced expiration
61
erector spinae muscle group
help to keep us erect when standing
62
quadratus lumborum
flexes the vertebral column
63
spinal flexors
anterior, middle and posterior scalenes
the scalene muscles help to elevate the ribs and help the apex of the lung expand during inhalation
64
oblique muscles (thoracic)
1. spinal flexors
2. external intercostals
3. internal intercostals
4. transverse thoracis
65
pectoralis minor
underneath the pectoralis major
connected to the coracoid process of the scapula
66
pectoralis major
above the pectoralis minor
helps abduct and flex the arm
fibers of this muscle converge
67
internal intercostals
help depress the ribs during exhalation
68
external intercostals
help elevate the ribs during inhalation
the contraction of these muscles increases the transverse diameter of the ribs
69
external obliques
flexes/rotates the vertebral column
70
internal oblique
rotates the vertebral column
71
transverse abdominis
compresses the abdomen
72
quadratus lumborum
helps the torso with lateral flexion
73
diaphragm muscle
the main function is to expand the thoracic cavity for inhalation
it has its origin at the L4 (right crus) and L3 (left crus) vertebrae
it has its insertion at the central tendon
it has 3 openings
74
3 openings of the diaphragm
1. esophageal opening
2. inferior vena cava opening
3. opening for the aorta
75
rectus abdominus
the abs
this provides anterior flexion of the vertebral column
it has longitudinal divisions (linea alba) and transverse divisions (tendinous inscriptions)
76
muscles of the perineum and the pelvic floor
the muscles of the pelvis can be divided into two triangles separated by the superficial transverse perineal
1. urogenital triangle
2. anal triangle
77
urogenital triangle
1. ischiocavernosus
2. bulbospongiosus
3. external urethra
78
ischiocavernosus
assists with clitoral erection in females and with penis erection in males
79
bulbospongiosus
empties the urine and constricts the vaginal orifice
it also helps with ejaculation
80
external urethra
made up of skeletal muscle and can regulate flow of urine
81
anal triangle
1. anus
2. levator ani
3. external anal sphincter
4. coccygeus
82
anus
site of defecation
83
levator ani
circles the anus and helps with defecation
this is a powerful muscle
84
external anal sphincter
made up of skeletal muscle
85
coccygeus
supports the levator ani and pelvic visceral organs
