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BILD X13 > axial musculature (theory) > Flashcards

axial musculature (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

axial musculature function

A
  1. helps position the head and vertebral column
  2. moves the rib cage
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2
Q

4 axial muscle groups

A
  1. muscles of the head and neck
  2. muscles of the vertebral column
  3. oblique and rectus muscles (eyes)
  4. muscles of the pelvic floor
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3
Q

muscle groups of the head and neck

A
  1. facial muscles
  2. extra-ocular muscles
  3. mastication
  4. pharynx
  5. tongue
  6. neck (anterior)
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4
Q

facial muscle nerve supply

A

the facial nerve (CN VII)

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5
Q

extra-ocular nerve supply

A

the extra and intra ocular muscles are supplied by the occulomotor nerve (CN III)

EXCEPT

the lateral rectus (CN VI) and the superior oblique (CN IV)

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6
Q

CN VI

A

abducens nerve

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7
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear nerve

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8
Q

mastication nerve supply

A

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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8
Q

facial expression muscles

A
  1. buccinator
  2. depressor labii inferioris
  3. levator labii superioris
  4. orbicularis oris
  5. levator anguli oris
  6. depressor anguli oris
  7. zygomatic major and minor
  8. risorius
  9. mentalis
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9
Q

frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis

A

helps move the eyebrows

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10
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

helps close the eye

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11
Q

nasalis

A

compresses the nose bridge

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12
Q

zygomaticus minor

A

moves lips up and back

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13
Q

zygomaticus major

A

has dimples

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14
Q

orbicularis oris

A

helps with whistling and blowing of the mouth

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15
Q

risorius

A

helps with smiling

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16
Q

mentalis

A

wrinkles the chin (pouting muscle)

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17
Q

epicranial aponeuroses

A

connects the occipitofrontalis and the posterior occipitalis

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18
Q

temporoparietalis

A

tenses the scalp and moves the ear

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19
Q

procerus

A

changes the shape of the nostrils and draws the medial eyebrow inferior (line between eyebrows)

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20
Q

levator labii superioris

A

helps lift lips

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21
Q

buccinator

A

cheek muscle

the name means “trumpet player”

the buccinator is utilized for blowing air

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22
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

helps pull the lip down

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23
Q

platysma

A

a muscle connected the mandible and covers the sternocleidomastoid muscle

this NOT a facial or mastication muscle

it tightens the skin around the neck and can depress the mandible

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24
Q

extra-ocular muscles

A

controls extrinsic eye movement

  1. superior and inferior obliques
  2. superior and inferior rectus
  3. lateral rectus
  4. medial rectus
  5. trochlea
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25
Q

trochlea

A

a ligamentous sling that the superior oblique passes through, this acts as a pulley

this helps the superior oblique twist the eye down and laterally to the side

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26
Q

superior and inferior rectus

A

superior = eye looks up
inferior = eye looks down

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27
Q

superior oblique

A

pulls the eye down and laterally

innervated by CN IV (trochlear nerves)

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28
Q

lateral rectus

A

innervated by the abducens nerve (CN VI)

this pulls the eye laterally

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29
Q

medial rectus

A

pulls the eye towards the medial line

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30
Q

eye paralysis example

A

if you recognize the eye is pointing to the midline and the patient can’t point their eye to the side laterally, there’s likely a problem with the lateral rectus or the abducens nerve (CN VI) that supplies it

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31
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

helps lift the eye lid up

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32
Q

mastication muscles

A

all mastication muscles are supplied by the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

  1. masseter
  2. temporalis
  3. pterygoids
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33
Q

masseter

A

elevates the mandible and closes the jaw

also helps protract and retract the mandible

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34
Q

temporalis

A

elevates mandible, helps retract, moves the mandible side to side

35
Q

medial pterygoid

A

elevates the mandible and closes the jaw

36
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

depresses the mandible and opens the jaw

37
Q

trigeminal nerve branches

A

aside from innervating the mastication muscles, CN V also gives sensation to the face area

there are 3 branches…
1. ophthalmic branch
2. maxillary branch
3. mandibular branch

if a patient can’t feel their maxillae it’s likely a problem with the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve

38
Q

tongue muscles

A

all are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) EXCEPT for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X)

bc the tongue can move in complex directions, all tongue muscle fibers intersect and perform similar movements

  1. genioglossus
  2. hyoglossus
  3. palatoglossus
  4. styloglossus
39
Q

genioglossus

A

depression and protraction

40
Q

hyoglossus

A

depression and retraction

41
Q

palatoglossus

A

elevation and soft palate depression

42
Q

styloglossus

A

retraction and side movement

43
Q

pharynx muscles

A

all are innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X) EXCEPT for the stylopharyngeus which is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

  1. tensor veli palatini
  2. levator veli palatini
  3. stylopharyngeus
  4. palatopharyngeus
  5. superior pharyngeal constrictor
  6. middle pharyngeal constrictor
  7. inferior pharyngeal constrictor
44
Q

tensor veli and levator veli palatini

A

both elevate the palate

45
Q

stylopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus

A

both are laryngeal elevators and shorten the pharynx to help with swallowing

the fibers are arranged longitudinally which help with shortening

46
Q

pharyngeal constrictors

A

help constrict the pharynx (shortening the diameter) to help with peristaltic movement

the fibers are arranged circularly

47
Q

salpingopharyngeus

A

equalizes the air pressure when swallowing

48
Q

muscles of the neck

A

don’t need to know the innervation

most of these muscles elevate and depress the hyoid

  1. mylohyoid
  2. geniohyoid
  3. stylohyoid
  4. omohyoid
  5. sternohyoid
  6. sternothyroid
  7. thyrohyoid
  8. sternocleidomastoid
49
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

connects the sternum to the mandible

2 main functions…

  1. turn the head laterally
  2. assist in lifting up the clavicle and the sternum in inhalation
50
Q

mylohoid

A

elevates the hyoid when we swallow

51
Q

geniohyoid

A

elevates the hyoid and depresses the mandible

52
Q

thyrohyoid

A

connects the hyoid to the thyroid cartilage

53
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

makes up the adam’s apple

54
Q

cricothyroid

A

connects the thyroid to the cricoid cartilage

55
Q

cricothyroidotomy

A

an emergency procedure to open a patient’s airway

the incision is made between the patient’s cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage to gain access to the airway

56
Q

muscles of the back

A

there are 3 categories of back muscles…
1. superficial intrinsic
2. intermediate intrinsic
3. deep intrinsic

  1. trapezius
  2. latissimus dorsi
  3. levator scapulae
  4. rhomboid muscles
57
Q

trapezius

A

extends the neck

58
Q

splenius capitis

A

extends the neck also

59
Q

rhomboid minor and major

A

both help retract the scapulae

60
Q

serratus posterior (superior and inferior)

A

superior = helps elevate the ribs during inhalation

inferior = helps with forced expiration

61
Q

erector spinae muscle group

A

help to keep us erect when standing

62
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

flexes the vertebral column

63
Q

spinal flexors

A

anterior, middle and posterior scalenes

the scalene muscles help to elevate the ribs and help the apex of the lung expand during inhalation

64
Q

oblique muscles (thoracic)

A
  1. spinal flexors
  2. external intercostals
  3. internal intercostals
  4. transverse thoracis
65
Q

pectoralis minor

A

underneath the pectoralis major

connected to the coracoid process of the scapula

66
Q

pectoralis major

A

above the pectoralis minor

helps abduct and flex the arm

fibers of this muscle converge

67
Q

internal intercostals

A

help depress the ribs during exhalation

68
Q

external intercostals

A

help elevate the ribs during inhalation

the contraction of these muscles increases the transverse diameter of the ribs

69
Q

external obliques

A

flexes/rotates the vertebral column

70
Q

internal oblique

A

rotates the vertebral column

71
Q

transverse abdominis

A

compresses the abdomen

72
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

helps the torso with lateral flexion

73
Q

diaphragm muscle

A

the main function is to expand the thoracic cavity for inhalation

it has its origin at the L4 (right crus) and L3 (left crus) vertebrae

it has its insertion at the central tendon

it has 3 openings

74
Q

3 openings of the diaphragm

A
  1. esophageal opening
  2. inferior vena cava opening
  3. opening for the aorta
75
Q

rectus abdominus

A

the abs

this provides anterior flexion of the vertebral column

it has longitudinal divisions (linea alba) and transverse divisions (tendinous inscriptions)

76
Q

muscles of the perineum and the pelvic floor

A

the muscles of the pelvis can be divided into two triangles separated by the superficial transverse perineal

  1. urogenital triangle
  2. anal triangle
77
Q

urogenital triangle

A
  1. ischiocavernosus
  2. bulbospongiosus
  3. external urethra
78
Q

ischiocavernosus

A

assists with clitoral erection in females and with penis erection in males

79
Q

bulbospongiosus

A

empties the urine and constricts the vaginal orifice

it also helps with ejaculation

80
Q

external urethra

A

made up of skeletal muscle and can regulate flow of urine

81
Q

anal triangle

A
  1. anus
  2. levator ani
  3. external anal sphincter
  4. coccygeus
82
Q

anus

A

site of defecation

83
Q

levator ani

A

circles the anus and helps with defecation

this is a powerful muscle

84
Q

external anal sphincter

A

made up of skeletal muscle

85
Q

coccygeus

A

supports the levator ani and pelvic visceral organs

BILD X13 (21 decks)

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