the blood Flashcards
what can the blood transport?
- nutrients
- O2 and CO2
- enzymes and hormones
- ions
- waste
- leukocytes (WBC)
can the blood stabilize body temp?
yes
what is needed for the blood to clot?
- platelets
- vitamin K
- calcium
- fibrinogen
- thrombin
what is the normal pH of the blood?
7.34 - 7.45
what are the two components of blood that classify it as a fluid connective tissue?
- plasma (matrix)
- formed elements (cells)
what are the formed elements of blood?
- erythrocytes (RBCs)
- leukocytes (WBCs)
- thrombocytes (platelets)
numbers…
RBCs –> 4.5-5.5 million
WBCs –> 4000-9000
platelets –> 150,000-450,000
what does whole blood consist of?
- plasma
- packed cells
- platelets
2 & 3 are formed elements
hypovolemic
low blood volume
normovolemic
normal blood volume
hypervolemic
high blood volume –> risk of high blood pressure
what is the normal blood volume in the adult male and female?
males = 4-6 liters
females = 4-5 liters
total blood volume depends of body size
what does the plasma consist of?
92% water
7% proteins
1% other shit
the plasma makes up 55% of the volume of whole blood
what is the 7% of proteins in blood plasma?
- albumin
- globulins
- fibrinogen
- regulatory proteins
what is the 1% other shit in blood plasma
- electrolytes
- gases
- organic nutrients (lipids + carbs)
- organic waste
- hormones
what is the main function of albumin?
- help maintain osmotic pressure
what is the main function of globulin?
- the five immunoglobulins help the immune system
- it helps transport hormones
the five immunoglobulins
- IgM
- IgA
- IgG
- IgD
- IgE
these are produced by B lymphocytes
what is the function of fibrinogen?
- helps with clotting
it is converted to fibrin by thrombin
what is the baking soda of the blood?
sodium bicarbonate (NHCO3)
it is made from the CO2 and H2O present in the blood
CO2 + H2O –> H2CO2 –> CO3- and H+
this is a weak acid in the blood
what are the formed elements?
they make up 45% of the blood volume
- RBCs
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
anemia, polycythemia and the hematocrit
the hematocrit measures the amount of formed elements in the blood (mostly RBCs)
RBCs –> 99.9% of whole blood
normal Hct = 45%
normal male Hb = 14-16 g/dL (18 max)
normal female Hb = 12-14 g/dL (16 max)
10 g/dL = anemia border
9-9.9 g/dL = minor anemia
8-8.9 g/dL = mild anemia
<8 g/dL = severe anemia
a high Hct is prone to clotting
packed cell volume vs volume of packed red blood cells
PCV vs VPRC = both show the percentage of whole blood occupied by the formed elements
RBC structure and function
- biconcave disc
- thin
- no nucleus
- no organelles
- contains Hb
it is designed that way to maximize O2 carrying capacity
RBCs last for 120 days
hemocytoblasts
blood stem cells, replace RBCs
RBC breakdown
- break down Hb
- keep globin
- destroy heme
- heme –> biliverdin
- biliverdin –> bilirubin
- destroy bilirubin in intestines
if bilirubin is present in the waste (urine or feces) it is an indication of liver problems
do RBCs have mitochondria?
no, this is to prevent O2 usage in ATP production
Hb + O2 = ?
oxy-Hb
Hb + H ions = ?
reduced Hb
Hb + CO2 = ?
carbamino Hb
Hb + CO = ?
carboxy Hb = toxic
Hb structure
- 2x alpha subunits
- 2x beta subunits
- heme present in each subunit
- each heme is porphyrin ring
- each heme contains an Fe ion
abnormal Hb structure example
- thalassemia
there are two types (alpha and beta thalassemia) each having two versions (major and minor)
ex… alpha thalassemia major = both alpha chains are affected
blood type determination
- agglutinogens (surface antigens)
- agglutinins (plasma antibodies)
(+) = antigens are on the RBC surface
(-) = no antigens present
blood type A
agglutinogen A (antigen A)
agglutinin b (antibody b)
blood type B
agglutinogen B (antigen B)
agglutinin a (antibody a)
blood type AB
agglutinogen A and B (antigen A, B)
no agglutinin (no antibodies)
blood type O
no agglutinogens A or B (no antigens)
both agglutinins (agglutinin A and B)
can packed blood type B be donated to blood type A?
no
antibody b in blood type A will agglutinate with blood type B’s antigen
can packed blood type AB be donated to blood type B?
no
antigen A in blood type AB will agglutinate with bloody type B’s antibody a
can packed blood type B be donated to blood type AB?
yes
AB has no antibodies to agglutinate with blood type B’s antigen B
there are also no antibodies present in the donor bc only packed cells are given
can whole blood type B be donated to blood type A?
no
antigen B of blood type B agglutinates with antibody b of blood type A
antibody a of blood type B will agglutinate with antigen A of bloody type A
can whole blood AB be donated to blood type B?
no
antibody a of blood type B will agglutinate with antigen A of blood type AB
can whole blood B be donated to blood type AB?
no
the whole blood has antibodies against antigen A in blood type AB
can packed blood type O be donated to blood type B?
yes
there are no antibodies present in the packed blood donation to agglutinate with antigen B in bloody type B
there are no antigens in blood type O to agglutinate with antibody a in blood type O
can whole blood type O be donated to blood type B?
no
there is now antibodies in the whole blood donation to agglutinate with antigen B in blood type B
(antibody b on antigen B of blood type B)
leukopenia
low leukocyte count
leukocytosis
high leukocyte count
differential count
AKA a BEN count
see how much of each leukocyte there is
lymphocyte diapedesis
leukocytes passing through the blood vessel walls
happens during infection
lymphocyte chemotaxis
helps draws leukocytes to the invading agent
lymphocyte types
T cells
B cells
NK cells
platelet mother cell
megakaryocytes, yes they have a nucleus
platelet characteristics
- no nucleus
- participate in blood clotting
- release clotting factors
- form a platelet plug
- contain actin and myosin
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
thrombocytosis
elevated platelet count
platelet actin and myosin function
filaments contract to pull the wound edges closer together
hemopoiesis
making new blood
hemopoiesis starts with the pluripotent stem cells
pluripotent stem cells differentiate into…
myeloid or lymphatic stem cells
myeloid turns into
progenitor cells
lymphatic stem cell turns into
lymphoblast
from progenitor cell to RBC
progenitor –> proerthyroblast –> erythroblast –> reticuloctye –> erythrocyte (RBC)
from progenitor to platelet
progenitor –> megakaryocyte –> platelet
from progenitor to BEN cells
progenitor –> myeloblast –> myelocyte –> band cells –> BEN cells
from progenitor to monocyte
progenitor –> monoblast –> promonocyte –> monocyte
from lymphoblast to lymphocyte
lymphoblast –> prolymphoblast –> lymphocyte
