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BILD X13 > the blood > Flashcards

the blood Flashcards

1
Q

what can the blood transport?

A
  1. nutrients
  2. O2 and CO2
  3. enzymes and hormones
  4. ions
  5. waste
  6. leukocytes (WBC)
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2
Q

can the blood stabilize body temp?

A

yes

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3
Q

what is needed for the blood to clot?

A
  1. platelets
  2. vitamin K
  3. calcium
  4. fibrinogen
  5. thrombin
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4
Q

what is the normal pH of the blood?

A

7.34 - 7.45

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5
Q

what are the two components of blood that classify it as a fluid connective tissue?

A
  1. plasma (matrix)
  2. formed elements (cells)
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6
Q

what are the formed elements of blood?

A
  1. erythrocytes (RBCs)
  2. leukocytes (WBCs)
  3. thrombocytes (platelets)

numbers…
RBCs –> 4.5-5.5 million
WBCs –> 4000-9000
platelets –> 150,000-450,000

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7
Q

what does whole blood consist of?

A
  1. plasma
  2. packed cells
  3. platelets

2 & 3 are formed elements

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8
Q

hypovolemic

A

low blood volume

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9
Q

normovolemic

A

normal blood volume

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10
Q

hypervolemic

A

high blood volume –> risk of high blood pressure

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11
Q

what is the normal blood volume in the adult male and female?

A

males = 4-6 liters
females = 4-5 liters

total blood volume depends of body size

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12
Q

what does the plasma consist of?

A

92% water
7% proteins
1% other shit

the plasma makes up 55% of the volume of whole blood

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13
Q

what is the 7% of proteins in blood plasma?

A
  1. albumin
  2. globulins
  3. fibrinogen
  4. regulatory proteins
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14
Q

what is the 1% other shit in blood plasma

A
  1. electrolytes
  2. gases
  3. organic nutrients (lipids + carbs)
  4. organic waste
  5. hormones
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15
Q

what is the main function of albumin?

A
  1. help maintain osmotic pressure
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16
Q

what is the main function of globulin?

A
  1. the five immunoglobulins help the immune system
  2. it helps transport hormones
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17
Q

the five immunoglobulins

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgA
  3. IgG
  4. IgD
  5. IgE

these are produced by B lymphocytes

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18
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen?

A
  1. helps with clotting

it is converted to fibrin by thrombin

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19
Q

what is the baking soda of the blood?

A

sodium bicarbonate (NHCO3)

it is made from the CO2 and H2O present in the blood

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO2 –> CO3- and H+

this is a weak acid in the blood

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20
Q

what are the formed elements?

A

they make up 45% of the blood volume

  1. RBCs
  2. neutrophils
  3. basophils
  4. eosinophils
  5. monocytes
  6. lymphocytes
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21
Q

anemia, polycythemia and the hematocrit

A

the hematocrit measures the amount of formed elements in the blood (mostly RBCs)

RBCs –> 99.9% of whole blood

normal Hct = 45%

normal male Hb = 14-16 g/dL (18 max)
normal female Hb = 12-14 g/dL (16 max)

10 g/dL = anemia border
9-9.9 g/dL = minor anemia
8-8.9 g/dL = mild anemia
<8 g/dL = severe anemia

a high Hct is prone to clotting

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22
Q

packed cell volume vs volume of packed red blood cells

A

PCV vs VPRC = both show the percentage of whole blood occupied by the formed elements

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23
Q

RBC structure and function

A
  1. biconcave disc
  2. thin
  3. no nucleus
  4. no organelles
  5. contains Hb

it is designed that way to maximize O2 carrying capacity

RBCs last for 120 days

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24
Q

hemocytoblasts

A

blood stem cells, replace RBCs

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25
RBC breakdown
1. break down Hb 2. keep globin 3. destroy heme 4. heme --> biliverdin 5. biliverdin --> bilirubin 6. destroy bilirubin in intestines if bilirubin is present in the waste (urine or feces) it is an indication of liver problems
26
do RBCs have mitochondria?
no, this is to prevent O2 usage in ATP production
27
Hb + O2 = ?
oxy-Hb
28
Hb + H ions = ?
reduced Hb
29
Hb + CO2 = ?
carbamino Hb
30
Hb + CO = ?
carboxy Hb = toxic
31
Hb structure
1. 2x alpha subunits 2. 2x beta subunits 3. heme present in each subunit 4. each heme is porphyrin ring 5. each heme contains an Fe ion
32
abnormal Hb structure example
1. thalassemia there are two types (alpha and beta thalassemia) each having two versions (major and minor) ex... alpha thalassemia major = both alpha chains are affected
33
blood type determination
1. agglutinogens (surface antigens) 2. agglutinins (plasma antibodies) (+) = antigens are on the RBC surface (-) = no antigens present
34
blood type A
agglutinogen A (antigen A) agglutinin b (antibody b)
35
blood type B
agglutinogen B (antigen B) agglutinin a (antibody a)
36
blood type AB
agglutinogen A and B (antigen A, B) no agglutinin (no antibodies)
37
blood type O
no agglutinogens A or B (no antigens) both agglutinins (agglutinin A and B)
38
can packed blood type B be donated to blood type A?
no antibody b in blood type A will agglutinate with blood type B's antigen
39
can packed blood type AB be donated to blood type B?
no antigen A in blood type AB will agglutinate with bloody type B's antibody a
40
can packed blood type B be donated to blood type AB?
yes AB has no antibodies to agglutinate with blood type B's antigen B there are also no antibodies present in the donor bc only packed cells are given
41
can whole blood type B be donated to blood type A?
no antigen B of blood type B agglutinates with antibody b of blood type A antibody a of blood type B will agglutinate with antigen A of bloody type A
42
can whole blood AB be donated to blood type B?
no antibody a of blood type B will agglutinate with antigen A of blood type AB
43
can whole blood B be donated to blood type AB?
no the whole blood has antibodies against antigen A in blood type AB
44
can packed blood type O be donated to blood type B?
yes there are no antibodies present in the packed blood donation to agglutinate with antigen B in bloody type B there are no antigens in blood type O to agglutinate with antibody a in blood type O
45
can whole blood type O be donated to blood type B?
no there is now antibodies in the whole blood donation to agglutinate with antigen B in blood type B (antibody b on antigen B of blood type B)
46
leukopenia
low leukocyte count
47
leukocytosis
high leukocyte count
48
differential count
AKA a BEN count see how much of each leukocyte there is
49
lymphocyte diapedesis
leukocytes passing through the blood vessel walls happens during infection
50
lymphocyte chemotaxis
helps draws leukocytes to the invading agent
51
lymphocyte types
T cells B cells NK cells
52
platelet mother cell
megakaryocytes, yes they have a nucleus
53
platelet characteristics
1. no nucleus 2. participate in blood clotting 3. release clotting factors 4. form a platelet plug 5. contain actin and myosin
54
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
55
thrombocytosis
elevated platelet count
56
platelet actin and myosin function
filaments contract to pull the wound edges closer together
57
hemopoiesis
making new blood hemopoiesis starts with the pluripotent stem cells
58
pluripotent stem cells differentiate into...
myeloid or lymphatic stem cells
59
myeloid turns into
progenitor cells
60
lymphatic stem cell turns into
lymphoblast
61
from progenitor cell to RBC
progenitor --> proerthyroblast --> erythroblast --> reticuloctye --> erythrocyte (RBC)
62
from progenitor to platelet
progenitor --> megakaryocyte --> platelet
63
from progenitor to BEN cells
progenitor --> myeloblast --> myelocyte --> band cells --> BEN cells
64
from progenitor to monocyte
progenitor --> monoblast --> promonocyte --> monocyte
65
from lymphoblast to lymphocyte
lymphoblast --> prolymphoblast --> lymphocyte
66

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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