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BILD X13 > the blood > Flashcards

the blood Flashcards

1
Q

what can the blood transport?

A
  1. nutrients
  2. O2 and CO2
  3. enzymes and hormones
  4. ions
  5. waste
  6. leukocytes (WBC)
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2
Q

can the blood stabilize body temp?

A

yes

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3
Q

what is needed for the blood to clot?

A
  1. platelets
  2. vitamin K
  3. calcium
  4. fibrinogen
  5. thrombin
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4
Q

what is the normal pH of the blood?

A

7.34 - 7.45

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5
Q

what are the two components of blood that classify it as a fluid connective tissue?

A
  1. plasma (matrix)
  2. formed elements (cells)
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6
Q

what are the formed elements of blood?

A
  1. erythrocytes (RBCs)
  2. leukocytes (WBCs)
  3. thrombocytes (platelets)

numbers…
RBCs –> 4.5-5.5 million
WBCs –> 4000-9000
platelets –> 150,000-450,000

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7
Q

what does whole blood consist of?

A
  1. plasma
  2. packed cells
  3. platelets

2 & 3 are formed elements

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8
Q

hypovolemic

A

low blood volume

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9
Q

normovolemic

A

normal blood volume

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10
Q

hypervolemic

A

high blood volume –> risk of high blood pressure

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11
Q

what is the normal blood volume in the adult male and female?

A

males = 4-6 liters
females = 4-5 liters

total blood volume depends of body size

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12
Q

what does the plasma consist of?

A

92% water
7% proteins
1% other shit

the plasma makes up 55% of the volume of whole blood

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13
Q

what is the 7% of proteins in blood plasma?

A
  1. albumin
  2. globulins
  3. fibrinogen
  4. regulatory proteins
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14
Q

what is the 1% other shit in blood plasma

A
  1. electrolytes
  2. gases
  3. organic nutrients (lipids + carbs)
  4. organic waste
  5. hormones
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15
Q

what is the main function of albumin?

A
  1. help maintain osmotic pressure
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16
Q

what is the main function of globulin?

A
  1. the five immunoglobulins help the immune system
  2. it helps transport hormones
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17
Q

the five immunoglobulins

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgA
  3. IgG
  4. IgD
  5. IgE

these are produced by B lymphocytes

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18
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen?

A
  1. helps with clotting

it is converted to fibrin by thrombin

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19
Q

what is the baking soda of the blood?

A

sodium bicarbonate (NHCO3)

it is made from the CO2 and H2O present in the blood

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO2 –> CO3- and H+

this is a weak acid in the blood

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20
Q

what are the formed elements?

A

they make up 45% of the blood volume

  1. RBCs
  2. neutrophils
  3. basophils
  4. eosinophils
  5. monocytes
  6. lymphocytes
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21
Q

anemia, polycythemia and the hematocrit

A

the hematocrit measures the amount of formed elements in the blood (mostly RBCs)

RBCs –> 99.9% of whole blood

normal Hct = 45%

normal male Hb = 14-16 g/dL (18 max)
normal female Hb = 12-14 g/dL (16 max)

10 g/dL = anemia border
9-9.9 g/dL = minor anemia
8-8.9 g/dL = mild anemia
<8 g/dL = severe anemia

a high Hct is prone to clotting

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22
Q

packed cell volume vs volume of packed red blood cells

A

PCV vs VPRC = both show the percentage of whole blood occupied by the formed elements

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23
Q

RBC structure and function

A
  1. biconcave disc
  2. thin
  3. no nucleus
  4. no organelles
  5. contains Hb

it is designed that way to maximize O2 carrying capacity

RBCs last for 120 days

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24
Q

hemocytoblasts

A

blood stem cells, replace RBCs

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25
Q

RBC breakdown

A
  1. break down Hb
  2. keep globin
  3. destroy heme
  4. heme –> biliverdin
  5. biliverdin –> bilirubin
  6. destroy bilirubin in intestines

if bilirubin is present in the waste (urine or feces) it is an indication of liver problems

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26
Q

do RBCs have mitochondria?

A

no, this is to prevent O2 usage in ATP production

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27
Q

Hb + O2 = ?

A

oxy-Hb

28
Q

Hb + H ions = ?

A

reduced Hb

29
Q

Hb + CO2 = ?

A

carbamino Hb

30
Q

Hb + CO = ?

A

carboxy Hb = toxic

31
Q

Hb structure

A
  1. 2x alpha subunits
  2. 2x beta subunits
  3. heme present in each subunit
  4. each heme is porphyrin ring
  5. each heme contains an Fe ion
32
Q

abnormal Hb structure example

A
  1. thalassemia

there are two types (alpha and beta thalassemia) each having two versions (major and minor)

ex… alpha thalassemia major = both alpha chains are affected

33
Q

blood type determination

A
  1. agglutinogens (surface antigens)
  2. agglutinins (plasma antibodies)

(+) = antigens are on the RBC surface
(-) = no antigens present

34
Q

blood type A

A

agglutinogen A (antigen A)
agglutinin b (antibody b)

35
Q

blood type B

A

agglutinogen B (antigen B)
agglutinin a (antibody a)

36
Q

blood type AB

A

agglutinogen A and B (antigen A, B)
no agglutinin (no antibodies)

37
Q

blood type O

A

no agglutinogens A or B (no antigens)
both agglutinins (agglutinin A and B)

38
Q

can packed blood type B be donated to blood type A?

A

no

antibody b in blood type A will agglutinate with blood type B’s antigen

39
Q

can packed blood type AB be donated to blood type B?

A

no

antigen A in blood type AB will agglutinate with bloody type B’s antibody a

40
Q

can packed blood type B be donated to blood type AB?

A

yes

AB has no antibodies to agglutinate with blood type B’s antigen B

there are also no antibodies present in the donor bc only packed cells are given

41
Q

can whole blood type B be donated to blood type A?

A

no

antigen B of blood type B agglutinates with antibody b of blood type A

antibody a of blood type B will agglutinate with antigen A of bloody type A

42
Q

can whole blood AB be donated to blood type B?

A

no

antibody a of blood type B will agglutinate with antigen A of blood type AB

43
Q

can whole blood B be donated to blood type AB?

A

no

the whole blood has antibodies against antigen A in blood type AB

44
Q

can packed blood type O be donated to blood type B?

A

yes

there are no antibodies present in the packed blood donation to agglutinate with antigen B in bloody type B

there are no antigens in blood type O to agglutinate with antibody a in blood type O

45
Q

can whole blood type O be donated to blood type B?

A

no

there is now antibodies in the whole blood donation to agglutinate with antigen B in blood type B

(antibody b on antigen B of blood type B)

46
Q

leukopenia

A

low leukocyte count

47
Q

leukocytosis

A

high leukocyte count

48
Q

differential count

A

AKA a BEN count

see how much of each leukocyte there is

49
Q

lymphocyte diapedesis

A

leukocytes passing through the blood vessel walls

happens during infection

50
Q

lymphocyte chemotaxis

A

helps draws leukocytes to the invading agent

51
Q

lymphocyte types

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

52
Q

platelet mother cell

A

megakaryocytes, yes they have a nucleus

53
Q

platelet characteristics

A
  1. no nucleus
  2. participate in blood clotting
  3. release clotting factors
  4. form a platelet plug
  5. contain actin and myosin
54
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count

55
Q

thrombocytosis

A

elevated platelet count

56
Q

platelet actin and myosin function

A

filaments contract to pull the wound edges closer together

57
Q

hemopoiesis

A

making new blood

hemopoiesis starts with the pluripotent stem cells

58
Q

pluripotent stem cells differentiate into…

A

myeloid or lymphatic stem cells

59
Q

myeloid turns into

A

progenitor cells

60
Q

lymphatic stem cell turns into

A

lymphoblast

61
Q

from progenitor cell to RBC

A

progenitor –> proerthyroblast –> erythroblast –> reticuloctye –> erythrocyte (RBC)

62
Q

from progenitor to platelet

A

progenitor –> megakaryocyte –> platelet

63
Q

from progenitor to BEN cells

A

progenitor –> myeloblast –> myelocyte –> band cells –> BEN cells

64
Q

from progenitor to monocyte

A

progenitor –> monoblast –> promonocyte –> monocyte

65
Q

from lymphoblast to lymphocyte

A

lymphoblast –> prolymphoblast –> lymphocyte

66
Q
A

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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