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BILD X13 > the heart > Flashcards

the heart Flashcards

1
Q

general facts about the heart

A
  1. beats 100,000 time/day
  2. 70 bpm
  3. pumps 1.5 million gallons/year
  4. 2.9 gallons/minute
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2
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

RA receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava –> open tricuspid valve –> blood goes into RV –> pulmonary semilunar valve opens –> tricuspid closes –> RV contracts and pushes blood through pulmonary artery –> blood goes to the lungs –> gets oxygenated

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3
Q

systemic circuit

A

blood enters LA from the 2 pulmonary veins –> mitral valve opens –> LA contracts and blood enters the LV –> mitral closes –> LV contracts –> aortic semilunar valve opens –> blood leaves the aorta –> blood goes through ascending and descending aortic tracts

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4
Q

the branches of the aortic artery

A
  1. brachiocephalic
  2. left common carotid
  3. left subclavian
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5
Q

brachiocephalic branches

A
  1. right common carotid
  2. right subclavian
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6
Q

pericardium

A

contains the heart and is part of the 3 serous membranes (PPP)

visceral –> touches the heart
parietal –> outer pericardium

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7
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardial fluid

this creates resistance for the heart to beat and increases blood pressure

treat w/ aspiration

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8
Q

epicardium

A

external heart surface

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9
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle cells

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10
Q

endocardium

A

internal lining of the heart

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11
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A
  1. branching fibers unlike SKM
  2. intercalated discs for communication
  3. aerobic respiration
  4. light striation
  5. centralized nuclei (mononucleic)
  6. contract involuntarily
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12
Q

intercalated discs

A

structures unique to the heart that allow for the spread of electrical signals between cardiac fibers

gap junctions

held together by desmosomes

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13
Q

the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

the fibrous skeleton maintains the heart’s volume and prevents over expansion

these are fibrous sheets between each muscle layer

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14
Q

hypertension

A

if the fibrous skeleton is stretched, the heart can become enlarged and one can go into heart failure

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15
Q

fibrous skeleton functions

A
  1. stabilize cardiac cells and heart valves
  2. support myocardial blood vessels and nerves
  3. distribute forces of contraction
  4. prevent over expansion
  5. helps heart recoil
  6. isolate atrial cells from ventricular cells
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16
Q

heart’s position in the thoracic cavity

A
  1. lies in the mediastinum
  2. apex falls on the midclavicular line of the 5th intercostal space
  3. heart is twisted slightly to left
  4. you see more of the RA and RV from the front
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17
Q

3 sulci of the heart

A
  1. coronary sulcus
  2. anterior interventricular sulcus
  3. posterior interventrcular sulcus
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18
Q

coronary sulcus

A

separates the atria from the ventricles

the left coronary immediately branches

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19
Q

interarterial and interventricular septum

A

separates the LA and RA
separates the LV and RV

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20
Q

moderator band

A

sits between the RV’s myocardium and septum

prevents over expansion of the RV bc it’s thinner than the LV

signals to the papillary muscle to contract and close the tricuspid valve

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21
Q

chordae tendineae

A

tightens to close the tricuspid valve during ventricular systole

prevents back flow into the RA

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22
Q

coronary sinus

A

empties into the right atrium

receives blood from the greater and middle cardiac veins

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23
Q

pectinate muscle

A

part of the RA, helps with contraction

24
Q

fossa ovalis

A

fetal remnant of the foramen ovale

25
Q

meaty ridges of the heart

A

some blood is kept in the ventricle after systole

26
Q

systole

A

contraction (120 mmHg)

semilunar valves open
AV valves close

27
Q

diastole

A

relaxation (80 mmHg)

semilunar valves close
AV valves open

28
Q

S1 and S2 sounds

A

closing of the valves (lub dub)

S1 –> close AV valves
S2 –> close semilunar valves

at no point do all the valves close at the same time

29
Q

incompetence/regurgitation

A

if the AV valves don’t close and some blood goes back into the atria during ventricular systole

can be heard as an audible sound

30
Q

blood vessels in the fat

A

prevents kinking of these vessels as the heart contracts

31
Q

RCA (right coronary artery)

A
  1. right marginal branch
  2. posterior interventricular branch
  3. arterial branches
  4. conducting system branches

gives the posterior branch

middle cardiac vein runs with the posterior branch

32
Q

LCA (left coronary artery)

A
  1. circumflex branch
  2. left marginal branch
  3. anterior interventricular branch
  4. posterior left ventricular branch

gives the anterior branch

greater cardiac vein runs with the anterior branch

33
Q

2 types of conducting fibers of the heart

A
  1. nodal cells
  2. conducting fibers
34
Q

nodal cells

A
  1. set the rate of contractions
  2. automatically depolarize

ex… SA node and AV node

35
Q

conducting fibers

A
  1. distribute the contractile stimulus to the myocardium
36
Q

SA node

A
  1. within the RA
  2. cardiac pacemaker
  3. 80-100 action potentials/min
37
Q

AV node

A
  1. also within the RA floor
  2. 80 - 100 action potentials/min
38
Q

ACh on HR

A

bradycardia

39
Q

NorE on HR

A

tachycardia

40
Q

SA node to AV node signal

A

atria contract

41
Q

cardiac event summary

A
  1. SA node –> AV node = atrial contraction
  2. AV node –> AV bundle
  3. AV bundle –> right and left bundle branches
  4. bundle branches –> purkinje fibers = ventricles contract
42
Q

p wave

A

atrial systole

43
Q

qrs complex

A

ventricular systole

44
Q

t wave

A

ventricular diastole

45
Q

isometric contraction phase

A

slight contraction but not enough to open the semilunar valves

46
Q

effective contraction phase

A

enough contraction to open the valves

47
Q

isometric relaxation

A

all chambers are relaxed

48
Q

ANS on heart pace

A

innervation from the ANS on the SA node, AV node, cardiac cells and smooth muscles of cardiac blood vessels can change the heart rate

49
Q

NorE on heart contraction

A

increases the force of contraction

50
Q

ACh on heart contraction

A

decreases force of contraction

51
Q

CIC on HR

A

decrease HR

parasympathetic, CN X involved

52
Q

CAC on HR

A

increase HR

sympathetic

53
Q

afferent signaling from the heart

A

to the CNS

by CN IX and X

54
Q

efferent signaling of the heart

A

from the CNS

by CN X –> decrease HR
by cardiac sympathetic nerve –> increase HR

55
Q

example of CN X slowing down HR

A

if afferent signaling and baroreceptors tell the CNS the BP is too high

CN X will slow down the HR by acting on the SA and AV node

56
Q

vagal escape phenomenon

A

happens only when CN X tries to slow down the HR due to increased BP

it DOES NOT touch the ventricles bc this can affect organs who need the ventricles to keep pumping blood

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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