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BILD X13 > the heart > Flashcards

the heart Flashcards

1
Q

general facts about the heart

A
  1. beats 100,000 time/day
  2. 70 bpm
  3. pumps 1.5 million gallons/year
  4. 2.9 gallons/minute
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2
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

RA receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava –> open tricuspid valve –> blood goes into RV –> pulmonary semilunar valve opens –> tricuspid closes –> RV contracts and pushes blood through pulmonary artery –> blood goes to the lungs –> gets oxygenated

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3
Q

systemic circuit

A

blood enters LA from the 2 pulmonary veins –> mitral valve opens –> LA contracts and blood enters the LV –> mitral closes –> LV contracts –> aortic semilunar valve opens –> blood leaves the aorta –> blood goes through ascending and descending aortic tracts

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4
Q

the branches of the aortic artery

A
  1. brachiocephalic
  2. left common carotid
  3. left subclavian
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5
Q

brachiocephalic branches

A
  1. right common carotid
  2. right subclavian
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6
Q

pericardium

A

contains the heart and is part of the 3 serous membranes (PPP)

visceral –> touches the heart
parietal –> outer pericardium

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7
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardial fluid

this creates resistance for the heart to beat and increases blood pressure

treat w/ aspiration

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8
Q

epicardium

A

external heart surface

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9
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle cells

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10
Q

endocardium

A

internal lining of the heart

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11
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A
  1. branching fibers unlike SKM
  2. intercalated discs for communication
  3. aerobic respiration
  4. light striation
  5. centralized nuclei (mononucleic)
  6. contract involuntarily
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12
Q

intercalated discs

A

structures unique to the heart that allow for the spread of electrical signals between cardiac fibers

gap junctions

held together by desmosomes

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13
Q

the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

the fibrous skeleton maintains the heart’s volume and prevents over expansion

these are fibrous sheets between each muscle layer

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14
Q

hypertension

A

if the fibrous skeleton is stretched, the heart can become enlarged and one can go into heart failure

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15
Q

fibrous skeleton functions

A
  1. stabilize cardiac cells and heart valves
  2. support myocardial blood vessels and nerves
  3. distribute forces of contraction
  4. prevent over expansion
  5. helps heart recoil
  6. isolate atrial cells from ventricular cells
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16
Q

heart’s position in the thoracic cavity

A
  1. lies in the mediastinum
  2. apex falls on the midclavicular line of the 5th intercostal space
  3. heart is twisted slightly to left
  4. you see more of the RA and RV from the front
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17
Q

3 sulci of the heart

A
  1. coronary sulcus
  2. anterior interventricular sulcus
  3. posterior interventrcular sulcus
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18
Q

coronary sulcus

A

separates the atria from the ventricles

the left coronary immediately branches

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19
Q

interarterial and interventricular septum

A

separates the LA and RA
separates the LV and RV

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20
Q

moderator band

A

sits between the RV’s myocardium and septum

prevents over expansion of the RV bc it’s thinner than the LV

signals to the papillary muscle to contract and close the tricuspid valve

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21
Q

chordae tendineae

A

tightens to close the tricuspid valve during ventricular systole

prevents back flow into the RA

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22
Q

coronary sinus

A

empties into the right atrium

receives blood from the greater and middle cardiac veins

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23
Q

pectinate muscle

A

part of the RA, helps with contraction

24
Q

fossa ovalis

A

fetal remnant of the foramen ovale

25
meaty ridges of the heart
some blood is kept in the ventricle after systole
26
systole
contraction (120 mmHg) semilunar valves open AV valves close
27
diastole
relaxation (80 mmHg) semilunar valves close AV valves open
28
S1 and S2 sounds
closing of the valves (lub dub) S1 --> close AV valves S2 --> close semilunar valves at no point do all the valves close at the same time
29
incompetence/regurgitation
if the AV valves don't close and some blood goes back into the atria during ventricular systole can be heard as an audible sound
30
blood vessels in the fat
prevents kinking of these vessels as the heart contracts
31
RCA (right coronary artery)
1. right marginal branch 2. posterior interventricular branch 3. arterial branches 4. conducting system branches gives the posterior branch middle cardiac vein runs with the posterior branch
32
LCA (left coronary artery)
1. circumflex branch 2. left marginal branch 3. anterior interventricular branch 4. posterior left ventricular branch gives the anterior branch greater cardiac vein runs with the anterior branch
33
2 types of conducting fibers of the heart
1. nodal cells 2. conducting fibers
34
nodal cells
1. set the rate of contractions 2. automatically depolarize ex... SA node and AV node
35
conducting fibers
1. distribute the contractile stimulus to the myocardium
36
SA node
1. within the RA 2. cardiac pacemaker 3. 80-100 action potentials/min
37
AV node
1. also within the RA floor 2. 80 - 100 action potentials/min
38
ACh on HR
bradycardia
39
NorE on HR
tachycardia
40
SA node to AV node signal
atria contract
41
cardiac event summary
1. SA node --> AV node = atrial contraction 2. AV node --> AV bundle 3. AV bundle --> right and left bundle branches 4. bundle branches --> purkinje fibers = ventricles contract
42
p wave
atrial systole
43
qrs complex
ventricular systole
44
t wave
ventricular diastole
45
isometric contraction phase
slight contraction but not enough to open the semilunar valves
46
effective contraction phase
enough contraction to open the valves
47
isometric relaxation
all chambers are relaxed
48
ANS on heart pace
innervation from the ANS on the SA node, AV node, cardiac cells and smooth muscles of cardiac blood vessels can change the heart rate
49
NorE on heart contraction
increases the force of contraction
50
ACh on heart contraction
decreases force of contraction
51
CIC on HR
decrease HR parasympathetic, CN X involved
52
CAC on HR
increase HR sympathetic
53
afferent signaling from the heart
to the CNS by CN IX and X
54
efferent signaling of the heart
from the CNS by CN X --> decrease HR by cardiac sympathetic nerve --> increase HR
55
example of CN X slowing down HR
if afferent signaling and baroreceptors tell the CNS the BP is too high CN X will slow down the HR by acting on the SA and AV node
56
vagal escape phenomenon
happens only when CN X tries to slow down the HR due to increased BP it DOES NOT touch the ventricles bc this can affect organs who need the ventricles to keep pumping blood

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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