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BILD X13 > autonomic nervous system (theory) > Flashcards

autonomic nervous system (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the ANS?

A
  1. to control our organ systems involuntarily
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2
Q

what does the ANS regulate and coordinate?

A
  1. body temp
  2. cardio
  3. respiratory
  4. digestive
  5. excretory
  6. reproductive
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3
Q

does the ANS have pre and post ganglionic fibers?

A

yes, unlike the somatic nervous system which innervates SKM

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4
Q

what is the thoracolumbar division?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

it originates from T1-T12 and L1-L2

this is the fight or flight part of the ANS

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5
Q

what is the craniosacral division

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

it originates from CN’s 3, 7, 9 and 10

it has sacral origins from S2-S4

this relaxes the body’s systems

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6
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic (prof’s notes)

A

basically, one opposes the other

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7
Q

what are the lengths of the pre and post ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic NS?

A

pre= short
post = long

the opposite is observed in the parasympathetic NS

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8
Q

where do the pre ganglionic fibers originate from in the thoracolumbar division?

A

lateral grey horn

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9
Q

what are the NTs of the pre and post ganglionic fibers of the thoracolumbar division

A

pre = cholinergic
post = adrenergic

ex… ACh = cholinergic
ex… adrenaline (epinephrine) = adrenergic

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10
Q

what are the NTs of the craniosacral division?

A

both pre and post ganglionic fibers are cholinergic

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11
Q

which has intraneural ganglia? the sympathetic or parasympathetic NS?

A

the parasympathetic bc some post ganglionic fibers are so short that some ganglia are inside organs

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12
Q

which is faster? thoracolumbar or craniosacral? (prof’s notes)

A

the parasympathetic NS is faster bc there’s only one NT (ACh) which can be acted on by AChE

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13
Q

does the parasympathetic NS originate from the lateral horn like the sympathetic NS?

A

no, this is bc it originates from CN’s 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2-S4

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of ganglia of the sympathetic NS?

A
  1. sympathetic chain ganglia (paired)
  2. collateral ganglia (unpaired)
  3. suprarenal medullae (special)
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15
Q

what is another name for the sympathetic chain ganglia?

A

paravertebral ganglia or lateral ganglia

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16
Q

what does the sympathetic chain ganglia act on?

A
  1. body wall
  2. head
  3. neck
  4. limbs
  5. thoracic cavity
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17
Q

what is another name for collateral ganglia?

A

prevertebral ganglia

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18
Q

what does the collateral ganglia act on? (think white ramus)

A

the collateral ganglia has neurons that innervate the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity

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19
Q

why is the suprarenal medullae considered special?

A

because it has a preganglionic fiber BUT once activated, it directly secretes hormones into circulation

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20
Q

what actions is the sympathetic chain ganglia responsible for (think fight or flight)

A
  1. decreases blood flow to the skin
  2. increases blood flow to SKM
  3. increases heart rate
  4. increases energy production in SKM
  5. release stored lipids
  6. dilates pupils
  7. dilates respiratory tubes
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21
Q

examples of blood redirection under sympathetic chain ganglia

A

redirecting blood from the skin to the skeletal muscle

ex… looking pale when nervous
ex… not sweating

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22
Q

how many ganglia does each sympathetic chain consists of ?

A

most of the chain ganglia are from the thoracic and lumbar region

3x cervical
11-12x thoracic
2-5x lumbar
4-5x sacral
1 coccygeal

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23
Q

an example of cervical ganglia control in the sympathetic chain

A

control of iris dilation

we have dilator and constrictor muscles in our iris that open and close our pupils

the dilator muscles widen the pupil

the constrictor muscles close the pupil

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24
Q

what are the notable nerves of the sympathetic chain ganglia

A
  1. lesser splanchnic nerve
  2. lumbar splanchnic nerve
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25
Q

of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal chains in the sympathetic chain ganglia which has both pre and post ganglionic neurons?

A

the thoracic chain has both pre and post ganglionic neurons

all other chains have only post ganglionic neurons

cervical –> post
thoracic –> pre + post
lumbar –> post
sacral –> post
coccygeal –> post

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26
Q

what are the splanchnic nerves?

A

splanchnic nerves are part of the collateral ganglia

they are bundles of pre ganglionic fibers that converge on the collateral ganglia

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27
Q

what are the notable nerves of the collateral ganglia?

A
  1. celiac ganglion
  2. superior mesenteric ganglion
  3. inferior mesenteric ganglion
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28
Q

what actions is the collateral ganglia responsible for?

A
  1. reduce blood flow to visceral organs
  2. decrease activity of digestive glands
  3. stimulate glycogenolysis
  4. release lipids from adipose tissue
  5. relax smooth muscle of bladder
  6. reduce filtration rate of the kidneys
  7. control ejaculation in males
29
Q

what action is the suprarenal medullae responsible for?

A

they are responsible for the release of NTs that act as hormones into the blood stream

  1. epinephrine
  2. norepinephrine
30
Q

what are two cholinergic receptors?

A
  1. muscarinic
  2. nicotinic
31
Q

what is ACh released onto in cholinergic synapses?

A

ganglionic neurons

32
Q

what do ganglionic neurons release when stimulated?

A

adrenergic NTs

  1. epinephrine
  2. norepinephrine
33
Q

can some ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic NS release ACh?

A

yes, at NMJs of skeletal muscles

34
Q

are post ganglionic fibers myelinated?

A

no, they do end in varicosities that surround smooth muscle which carry vesicles of adrenergic NTs

35
Q

what are the two classes of plasma receptors?

A
  1. alpha receptors (1,2)
  2. beta receptors (1,2)
36
Q

what does alpha 1 do?

A

alpha 1 constricts the smooth muscle of blood vessels if stimulated

37
Q

what does alpha 2 do?

A

alpha 2 decreases blood pressure in the brain (central receptor)

38
Q

what does beta 1 do?

A

beta 1 increases HR if stimulated which by extension increases BP

we have drugs called beta blockers that counteract these effects

39
Q

what does beta 2 do?

A

beta 2 dilates the bronchial tubes if stimulated

ex… albuterol is a drug for asthmatics that acts to stimulate beta 2 receptors

40
Q

which is more divergent the sympathetic NS or the parasympathetic NS?

A

the sympathetic NS has more divergence (1:32) vs (1:4)

the parasympathetic NS is more localized

41
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS have in place of the splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic NS?

A

pelvic nerves that innervate visceral organs in the inferior portion of the abdominoplevic cavity

42
Q

what are the notable ganglia of the parasympathetic NS?

A
  1. ciliary ganglion
  2. pterygopalatine
  3. submandibular
  4. otic
  5. intramural
43
Q

aside from AChE, what breaks down diffused ACh?

A

cholinesterase

44
Q

what are characteristics of nicotinic receptors

A
  1. named bc of their response to nicotine
  2. found at para- and symp- ganglionic neurons
  3. ACh exposure causes excitation of the ganglionic neurons or the muscle fiber

ex… SKM contraction
ex… NMJ

45
Q

what are characteristics of the muscarinic receptors

A
  1. named bc of their response to muscarine
  2. found on parasympathetic cholinergic neuroeffector junctions
  3. this can be excitatory or inhibitory

ex… excitatory = peristaltic movements
ex… inhibitory = decreasing HR

46
Q

what is dual innervation?

A

most vital organs are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

47
Q

what are visceral reflexes?

A

reflexes of visceral organs

all visceral reflexes are polysynaptic

48
Q

what are the two visceral reflex types?

A
  1. long reflexes
  2. short reflexes
49
Q

differences between long and short reflexes

A

long reflexes have an interneuron that transmits the signal to the CNS to be interpreted

whereas short reflexes go to the ganglionic neurons and motor commands are distributed by the post ganglionic fibers

short reflexes bypass the CNS

50
Q

thoracolumbar on pupils

A

dilation

51
Q

thoracolumbar on gland secretion

A

decrease secretion

52
Q

thoracolumbar on HR

A

increase HR

53
Q

thoracolumbar on lungs

A

increase bronchial tube diameter to increase O2 intake

54
Q

thoracolumbar on the liver

A

increase glycogenolysis to release glucose

increase glycolysis to produce energy

55
Q

thoracolumbar on digestion

A

slows down digestion and relaxes smooth muscle

56
Q

thoracolumbar on bladder and urination

A

relaxes the bladder and constricts the sphincter

relaxes the detrusor muscle

57
Q

thoracolumbar on kidney filtration

A

decreases kidney filtration

58
Q

thoracolumbar on the vagina and uterus

A

contracts

59
Q

thoracolumbar on the penis

A

relaxation

60
Q

craniosacral on pupils

A

constrict

61
Q

craniosacral on gland secretion

A

increases secretion

62
Q

craniosacral on HR

A

slows down HR

63
Q

craniosacral on lungs

A

decreases bronchial tube diameter

64
Q

craniosacral on liver

A

decreases glycogenolysis and increases energy storage

65
Q

craniosacral on digestion

A

increases digestion and smooth muscle movement

66
Q

craniosacral on bladder and urination

A

tenses bladder and relaxes sphincter –> peeing

67
Q

craniosacral on kidney filtration

A

increases filtration to fill bladder

68
Q

craniosacral on penis

A

causes erection

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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