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BILD X13 > digestive system (theory) > Flashcards

digestive system (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

main organ vs accessory organ distinction

A

organs that are directly involved in the alimentary canal are main digestive organs

organs that secrete things and help move food along are accessory organs

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2
Q

notable accessory organs

A
  1. teeth
  2. tongue
  3. pancreas
  4. liver
  5. gallbladder
  6. salivary glands
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3
Q

stomach cells

A
  1. parietal –> HCL and IF
  2. chief –> pepsinogen
  3. chromatin cells –> histamine
  4. G cells –> gastrin
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4
Q

histamine and gastrin function

A

to increase motility and secretion in the stomach

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5
Q

muscularis externa layer of the stomach

A
  1. inner circular
  2. outer longitudinal
  3. oblique layer
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6
Q

example of stratified epithelium in the GI tract

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. esophagus
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7
Q

example of simple columnar epithelium

A
  1. stomach
  2. small intestine
  3. large intestine
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8
Q

submucosal plexus

A

between the submucosa and the muscularis layers

this plexus has an effect on secretion of the small intestine

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9
Q

myenteric plexus

A

between the muscularis layers

this plexus helps with peristaltic movements

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10
Q

muscularis mucosae function

A

helps push recently absorbed nutrients down closer to the blood vessels during maximum absorption

this is not involved in peristalsis

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11
Q

serosa secretion and function

A

secretes serous fluid to reduce friction of the visceral organs

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12
Q

pacemaker cells of the muscularis externa

A

the pacemaker cells lend themselves to producing peristaltic and segmentation movements

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13
Q

intraperitoneal organs

A

organs within the peritoneal cavity

  1. stomach
  2. liver
  3. ileum
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14
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

organs that sit behind the peritoneum

  1. kidneys
  2. ureters
  3. abdominal aorta
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15
Q

secondary retroperitoneal organ

A

organs that were initially in the peritoneal cavity but then become retroperitoneal

  1. pancreas
  2. duodenum
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16
Q

mesentery function

A

a fused sheet of peritoneal membrane

  1. stabilizes organ position
  2. stabilizes blood vessel position
  3. provides attachment of blood vessels to the small intestine
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17
Q

mesocolon

A

mesentery attached to the large intestine

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18
Q

transverse mesocolon

A

attached to the transverse colon

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19
Q

sigmoid mesocolon

A

attached to the sigmoid colon

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20
Q

fusion fascia

A

helps attach the ascending, descending colon and rectum to the posterior abdominal wall

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21
Q

lesser omentum

A

comes from the lesser curve of the stomach and attaches the stomach to the liver

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22
Q

greater omentum

A

extends from the greater curve of the stomach and covers the rest of the abdominal organs

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23
Q

2 pouches of the peritoneum present in females and are a concern for blood pooling after trauma

A
  1. recto-uterine pouch
  2. urino-uterine pouch
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24
Q

what consist of the roof of the oral cavity

A
  1. hard palate
  2. soft palate
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25
Q

hard palate characteristics

A
  1. the palatine process of the maxilla
  2. separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
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26
Q

soft palate characteristics

A
  1. makes up the palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch
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27
Q

the two arches of the soft palate

A
  1. palatoglossal arch
  2. palatopharyngeal arch

the palatine tonsils sit between the arches

the uvula is a continuation of the palatoglossal arch

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28
Q

lingual frenulum

A

tissue that attaches the tongue to the bottom of the mouth

AKA tongue tied

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29
Q

intrinsic tongue muscle functions

A
  1. extend the tongue
  2. rotate the tongue

superior
inferior
transverse
longitudinal

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30
Q

tongue functions

A
  1. move food
  2. taste
  3. secrete enzymes to start digestion
  4. help formulate words
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31
Q

tongue body

A

anterior portion

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32
Q

tongue root

A

posterior portion

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33
Q

dorsum

A

superior portion of the tongue that contains papillae and taste buds

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34
Q

extrinsic tongue muscles

A
  1. genioglossus
  2. hyoglossus
  3. styloglossus
  4. palatogossus

all are innervated by CN XII

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35
Q

teeth characteristics

A
  1. crown
  2. neck
  3. root
  4. dentine
  5. pulp cavity
  6. root canal
  7. apical foramen
  8. periodontal ligaments
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36
Q

teeth enamel

A

covers the crown and protects from cavities

gives the teeth their white color

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37
Q

periodontal ligaments

A

makes a synarthrotic gomphosis joint and keeps the dentine from touching the bone

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38
Q

root canal

A

highly vascularized part of the tooth

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39
Q

distribution of teeth types

A

8x incisors
4x cuspids
8x bicuspids
12x molars (8x if wisdom teeth are removed)

40
Q

the two sets of teeth we have as we develop

A
  1. deciduous (20) –> we lose these teeth
  2. permanent (32)
41
Q

surfaces of the teeth

A
  1. labial –> outer surface
  2. palatal –> inner surface
  3. mesial –> surface between teeth
  4. occlusal –> grinding surface
42
Q

muscles of the pharynx

A

the pharynx can be considered part of the digestive and respiratory tracts

  1. pharyngeal constrictors
  2. laryngeal elevators
  3. palatal muscles
43
Q

palatal muscles

A
  1. tensor veli palatini
  2. levator veli palatini
44
Q

laryngeal elevators

A
  1. stylopharyngeus
  2. palatopharyngeus
45
Q

pharyngeal constrictors

A
  1. superior
  2. middle
  3. inferior
46
Q

buccal phase

A

food goes to the oropharynx, you can still spit it out

47
Q

pharyngeal phase

A

epiglottis closes and you can no longer spit it out

48
Q

esophageal phase

A

opening of the upper esophageal sphincter into the esophagus

49
Q

does the esophagus have a serosa layer?

A

no, instead it has an adventitia

the serosa is continuous with the peritoneum and since the esophagus is continuous with the peritoneum, it doesn’t have a serosa

50
Q

celiac trunk supply to the stomach

A
  1. left gastric artery
  2. splenic artery
  3. common hepatic artery
51
Q

left gastric artery supply

A

the lesser curvature and cardia

52
Q

splenic artery supply

A

the fundus and greater curve

53
Q

common hepatic artery supply

A

the greater and lesser curves

54
Q

differences between the stomach lining and small intestine lining

A
  1. no peyer’s patches in the stomach
  2. no villi in the stomach
  3. does have an oblique muscle layer
55
Q

duodenum and enzymes

A

this part of the small intestine receives enzymes and secretions from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder

56
Q

small intestine blood supply

A
  1. superior mesenteric artery
  2. inferior mesenteric artery
57
Q

small intestine mesentery

A

the ileum and jejunum are supported by a mesentery

the duodenum is not associated with a mesentery

58
Q

lacteal vessel of the small intestine

A

intake of fatty acids here

59
Q

intestinal crypts and cholecystokinin and secretin

A

the enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts secrete cholecystokinin and secretin

cholecystokinin = contracts the gallbladder and secretes bile

secretin = causes pancreas secretion and slows down gastric motility

60
Q

pancreatic secretion and buffers

A

the pH of pancreatic secretions are alkaline which help neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine

61
Q

duodenal muscosal glands

A

glands of the duodenum that secrete mucus to act as a buffer against acidic chyme

62
Q

ducts of the liver and gallbladder

A

right hepatic and left hepatic duct –> common hepatic duct

cystic duct and the common hepatic duct –> common bile duct

common bile duct and the pancreatic duct –> sphincter of oddi

63
Q

large intestine blood supply

A
  1. superior mesenteric artery
  2. inferior mesenteric artery
64
Q

vermiform appendix

A

extends from the cecum of the large intestine

65
Q

colic flexures

A

bends in the large intestine

right colic flexure = from the ascending colon to the transverse colon

left colic flexure = from the transverse colon to the descending colon

66
Q

omental appendices

A

tear drop shaped fat that is not present on the small intestine

67
Q

taenia coli

A

smooth muscle band that runs parallel to the large intestine

68
Q

haustra

A

contraction of the taenia coli produces bulb like sacs of the large intestine

69
Q

is the large intestine thin or thick walled?

A

thin walled which is a concern for colon cancer because it can spread more easily

70
Q

rectum function

A

stores waste material

the last part of the rectum is the anal canal

71
Q

anal canal components

A
  1. anal columns
  2. anus
72
Q

internal and external anal sphincter differences

A

the internal anal sphincter is above the external anal sphincter

the external anal sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle

73
Q

large vs small intestine differences

A
  1. no villi
  2. thin walls
  3. more goblet cells
  4. lots of mucus production
  5. large lymphoid nodules
74
Q

movement from the cecum to the transverse colon time

A

slow

75
Q

mass movement from transverse colon to the rest of the large intestine

A

faster to force waste material to the rectum

76
Q

rectal wall distension

A

stimulates the urge to defecate

77
Q

liver functions

A
  1. metabolic regulation (detoxification)
  2. bile production
  3. hematological regulation
78
Q

liver RBC management

A

phagocytic cells of the liver take care of old/damaged RBCs

79
Q

liver and angiotensins

A

the liver also produces angiotensins which can regulate blood pressure by vasoconstriction

80
Q

some of the liver’s functions

A
  1. produce cholesterol
  2. detoxification (ammonia)
  3. store fat soluble vitamins
  4. make clotting factors
  5. regulate blood pressure
81
Q

falciform ligament of the liver

A

separates the right and left lobes

82
Q

coronary ligament of the liver

A

superior portion of the falciform ligament that spreads

coronary = crown

83
Q

blood vessels of the liver (2x)

A
  1. hepatic artery proper
  2. hepatic portal vein
84
Q

liver organization

A

the liver is divided into lobules

85
Q

pathway of blood through the liver

A
  1. hepatic portal vein
  2. liver sinusoids
  3. central vein
  4. hepatic veins
  5. inferior vena cava
86
Q

the portal area of the liver

A

contains both the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper and bile duct

87
Q

portal triad

A

a triangle made by the central vein and a grouping of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, and bile duct

88
Q

what cells populate the liver sinusoids?

A
  1. capillaries
  2. kupffer cells –> phagocytes of the liver
89
Q

hepatocyte function

A

produces bile

90
Q

bile pathway

A
  1. bile enters the bile canaliculi
  2. bile ducts
  3. left and right hepatic duct
  4. common hepatic duct
  5. common bile duct
  6. sphincter of oddi
91
Q

the 4Fs of stone formation in the liver/gallbladder

A
  1. female
  2. familial
  3. over 40 years old
  4. fat

having these increases one’s risk for stone formation

stones form with disturbances in the proportions of bile acid and salts

92
Q

pancreas cell types (2)

A
  1. acinar cells
  2. pancreatic islets
93
Q

acinar cell functions

A

produces digestive enzymes, there are far more acinar cells than pancreatic islet cells

secretions:
1. lipases
2. amylases
3. nucleases
4. proteinases

94
Q

pancreatic islet cells

A

produces hormones

  1. alpha –> glucagon
  2. beta –> insulin
  3. delta –> somatostatin
95
Q

F pancreatic islet cells

A

produces pancreatic polypeptide which stimulates secretions

96
Q
A

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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