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BILD X13 > respiratory system (theory) > Flashcards

respiratory system (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory system organs and components

A
  1. nose
  2. nasal cavity
  3. sinuses
  4. pharynx
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2
Q

lower respiratory organs and components

A
  1. larynx
  2. trachea
  3. bronchi
  4. bronchioles
  5. alveoli
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3
Q

respiratory functions

A
  1. site of gas exchange
  2. protection against pathogens and dryness
  3. produces sound
  4. helps to maintain blood volume, pressure and pH
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4
Q

how does the respiratory system maintain blood volume, pressure and pH

A

angiotensin I and II production controls blood pressure bc its a vasoconstrictor

when we exhale, we lose fluids which controls blood volume

when we hyperventilate, we lose CO2 to deal with acidosis

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5
Q

vibrissae

A

hairs of the nose that block inhaled debris

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6
Q

function of mucous in the respiratory system

A

traps pathogens and debris

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7
Q

pathway of air

A
  1. enter the external nares
  2. pass the nasal vestibule
  3. enters nasal cavity
  4. humidified through the nasal conchae
  5. enters internal nares
  6. enters nasopharynx
  7. oropharynx
  8. into the larynx
  9. into the trachea
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8
Q

is the nasopharynx respiratory or digestive?

A

respiratory

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9
Q

is the oropharynx respiratory or digestive?

A

both

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10
Q

laryngopharynx

A

area of the entrance to the trachea and esophagus

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11
Q

larynx characteristics

A
  1. cylinder stabilized by ligaments and skeletal muscle
  2. starts at C3 or C4
  3. ends at C7
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12
Q

the 9 cartilages of the larynx

A
  1. thyroid (unpaired) –> contains laryngeal prominence
  2. cricoid (unpaired)
  3. epiglottis (unpaired)
  4. arytenoid cartilage (paired)
  5. corniculate (paired)
  6. cuneiform (paired)
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13
Q

epiglottis function

A

a cartilage flap that closes the glottis of the larynx when swallowing food

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14
Q

corniculate cartilage

A

supports the vocal fold (true cord)

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15
Q

vestibular fold

A

false cords, purely supportive

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16
Q

what determines voice pitch

A

length, diameter and tension of vocal folds

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17
Q

what amplifies sound? `

A

the sinus cavities

18
Q

vocal fold abduction

A

tenses the cords –> high pitch

19
Q

vocal fold adduction

A

relaxes the cords –> low pitch

20
Q

intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

regulates the tension of vocal cords

21
Q

extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

positions and stabilizes the larynx

22
Q

trachea characteristics

A
  1. 11 cm long
  2. branches into the left and right primary bronchi
  3. 15-20 cartilaginous rings
23
Q

tracheal ring characteristics

A

they are ring shaped to stabilize the trachea but the ring shape helps accommodate esophageal movement

24
Q

differences between the left and right primary bronchi

A
  1. left bronchi is more horizontal
  2. right bronchi is more vertical
  3. right bronchi has 10 segments
  4. left bronchi has 9 segments
25
Q

characteristics of the lungs

A
  1. right lung has 3 lobes
  2. left lung has 2 lobes
  3. costal surfaces
  4. vertebral surfaces
  5. diaphragmatic surfaces
  6. left lung as the cardiac notch

right lung has the transverse and oblique fissure

left lung has just the oblique fissure

26
Q

how many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium

how many pulmonary veins exit the lungs

A

4 pulmonary veins enter the left atrium

there are 2 pulmonary veins per lung

27
Q

what lines the inside of the trachea and bronchi

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

this helps to push trapped particulates up away from the lower respiratory system

the more terminal bronchi and especially the aorta have little to no cilia

28
Q

bronchiole dilation and constriction

A

the tertiary bronchi end in the bronchioles which do not have cartilage

they have smooth muscle meaning they can vasodilate and vasoconstrict

vasodilation = sympathetic
vasoconstriction = parasympathetic

29
Q

alveoli characteristics

A
  1. is surrounded by capillaries
  2. has pulmonary arterioles and venules
  3. small bundles of sacks
  4. open environment to help rescue neighboring alveoli
30
Q

type I pneumocytes

A

strictly simple squamous

31
Q

type II pneomocytes

A

secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension of the alveoli

32
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

phagocytize organic particulates

33
Q

pulmonary artery transport

A

carries CO2 to the lungs

34
Q

pulmonary vein transport

A

carries O2 rich blood from the lungs

35
Q

pleura function and characteristics

A
  1. visceral –> attaches to lungs
  2. parietal –> attaches to chest wall
  3. pleural space filled with fluid to reduce friction between pleural layers
  4. negative pressure in pleural cavity to help expand lungs
36
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

37
Q

hyperpnea

A

forced breathing

38
Q

apnea

A

breathing stops

39
Q

respiratory centers of the medulla

A
  1. DRG –> inspiration
  2. VRG –> exhalation

respiratory centers of the medulla travel down to the spinal cord and activate motor neurons to affect breathing

40
Q

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

A

these send information to the DRG and VRG about the condition of the lungs

ex… chemoreceptors tell the DRG that CO2 is high –> hyperventilate

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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