respiratory system (theory)

Question 1

upper respiratory system organs and components

Answer 1

1. nose
2. nasal cavity
3. sinuses
4. pharynx

Question 2

lower respiratory organs and components

Answer 2

1. larynx
2. trachea
3. bronchi
4. bronchioles
5. alveoli

Question 3

respiratory functions

Answer 3

1. site of gas exchange
2. protection against pathogens and dryness
3. produces sound
4. helps to maintain blood volume, pressure and pH

Question 4

how does the respiratory system maintain blood volume, pressure and pH

Answer 4

angiotensin I and II production controls blood pressure bc its a vasoconstrictor

when we exhale, we lose fluids which controls blood volume

when we hyperventilate, we lose CO2 to deal with acidosis

Question 5

vibrissae

Answer 5

hairs of the nose that block inhaled debris

Question 6

function of mucous in the respiratory system

Answer 6

traps pathogens and debris

Question 7

pathway of air

Answer 7

1. enter the external nares
2. pass the nasal vestibule
3. enters nasal cavity
4. humidified through the nasal conchae
5. enters internal nares
6. enters nasopharynx
7. oropharynx
8. into the larynx
9. into the trachea

Question 8

is the nasopharynx respiratory or digestive?

Answer 8

respiratory

Question 9

is the oropharynx respiratory or digestive?

Answer 9

both

Question 10

laryngopharynx

Answer 10

area of the entrance to the trachea and esophagus

Question 11

larynx characteristics

Answer 11

1. cylinder stabilized by ligaments and skeletal muscle
2. starts at C3 or C4
3. ends at C7

Question 12

the 9 cartilages of the larynx

Answer 12

1. thyroid (unpaired) –> contains laryngeal prominence
2. cricoid (unpaired)
3. epiglottis (unpaired)
4. arytenoid cartilage (paired)
5. corniculate (paired)
6. cuneiform (paired)

Question 13

epiglottis function

Answer 13

a cartilage flap that closes the glottis of the larynx when swallowing food

Question 14

corniculate cartilage

Answer 14

supports the vocal fold (true cord)

Question 15

vestibular fold

Answer 15

false cords, purely supportive

Question 16

what determines voice pitch

Answer 16

length, diameter and tension of vocal folds

Question 17

what amplifies sound? `

Answer 17

the sinus cavities

Question 18

vocal fold abduction

Answer 18

tenses the cords –> high pitch

Question 19

vocal fold adduction

Answer 19

relaxes the cords –> low pitch

Question 20

intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Answer 20

regulates the tension of vocal cords

Question 21

extrinsic muscles of the larynx

Answer 21

positions and stabilizes the larynx

Question 22

trachea characteristics

Answer 22

1. 11 cm long
2. branches into the left and right primary bronchi
3. 15-20 cartilaginous rings

Question 23

tracheal ring characteristics

Answer 23

they are ring shaped to stabilize the trachea but the ring shape helps accommodate esophageal movement

Question 24

differences between the left and right primary bronchi

Answer 24

1. left bronchi is more horizontal
2. right bronchi is more vertical
3. right bronchi has 10 segments
4. left bronchi has 9 segments

Question 25

characteristics of the lungs

Answer 25

1. right lung has 3 lobes 2. left lung has 2 lobes 3. costal surfaces 4. vertebral surfaces 5. diaphragmatic surfaces 6. left lung as the cardiac notch right lung has the transverse and oblique fissure left lung has just the oblique fissure

Question 26

how many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium how many pulmonary veins exit the lungs

Answer 26

4 pulmonary veins enter the left atrium there are 2 pulmonary veins per lung

Question 27

what lines the inside of the trachea and bronchi

Answer 27

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium this helps to push trapped particulates up away from the lower respiratory system the more terminal bronchi and especially the aorta have little to no cilia

Question 28

bronchiole dilation and constriction

Answer 28

the tertiary bronchi end in the bronchioles which do not have cartilage they have smooth muscle meaning they can vasodilate and vasoconstrict vasodilation = sympathetic vasoconstriction = parasympathetic

Question 29

alveoli characteristics

Answer 29

1. is surrounded by capillaries 2. has pulmonary arterioles and venules 3. small bundles of sacks 4. open environment to help rescue neighboring alveoli

Question 30

type I pneumocytes

Answer 30

strictly simple squamous

Question 31

type II pneomocytes

Answer 31

secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension of the alveoli

Question 32

alveolar macrophages

Answer 32

phagocytize organic particulates

Question 33

pulmonary artery transport

Answer 33

carries CO2 to the lungs

Question 34

pulmonary vein transport

Answer 34

carries O2 rich blood from the lungs

Question 35

pleura function and characteristics

Answer 35

1. visceral --> attaches to lungs 2. parietal --> attaches to chest wall 3. pleural space filled with fluid to reduce friction between pleural layers 4. negative pressure in pleural cavity to help expand lungs

Question 36

eupnea

Answer 36

normal breathing

Question 37

hyperpnea

Answer 37

forced breathing

Question 38

apnea

Answer 38

breathing stops

Question 39

respiratory centers of the medulla

Answer 39

1. DRG --> inspiration 2. VRG --> exhalation respiratory centers of the medulla travel down to the spinal cord and activate motor neurons to affect breathing

Question 40

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

Answer 40

these send information to the DRG and VRG about the condition of the lungs ex... chemoreceptors tell the DRG that CO2 is high --> hyperventilate