vaccination Flashcards
_________ Pathway triggered in the “BOOSTING” immunization process
Classic Complement Pathway
what’s herd immunity
when a large portion of a community becomes immune to a disease, making the spread of disease from person to person unlikely.
Herd immunity can be produced in two ways
- natural infection
- vaccination
Threshold Herd Immunity
when enough people in the population have recovered from a disease and have developed protective antibodies against future infection
factors impacting herd immunity through natural infection
reinfection(susceptibility/rates/transmissibility), mutation of the organism
factors impacting herd immunity through vaccination
contagiousness and efficacy of the vaccine/waning immunity/mutation of the organism to the vaccine
what are three ways of producing vaccine? (type of vaccine, vaccine platform)
whole virus
part of the virus
only the genetic material
what are the two types of whole organism vaccine?
live attenuated e.g. MMR, Monkey Pox
inactive unattenuated e.g. polio (IPV), hepatitis A, influenza
what are the pros and cons of the live attenuated vaccine?
pros: highly effective and long duration of immunity
cons: takes a long time for develop
theoretical risk for immunocompromised and pregnant
what are the pros and cons of the inactive unattenuated vaccine?
produces less effective immune response vs live vaccine, need for boosting
need adjuvant to stimulate the immune response
Specific Isolate Protein Acellular Vaccines
Subunits (acellular) contain purified parts of the virus or bacteria are used not the entire organism
Contain only the essential antigen and incapable of causing disease
e.g. acellular pertussis (whooping cough), hepatitis B (+/- conjugate)
Polysaccharide Vaccines
some organisms (often bacteria) have antigens with an outer coating of polysaccharides disguising, the antigen making it harder for the T&B Lymphocytes to detect and respond
e.g. pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
Conjugated Vaccines
bind a polysaccharide chain to a carrier protein to try to boost the immune response.
e.g. Conjugated: DTaP, pneumococcal conjugated
Virus-Like Particles vaccines
structural viral proteins necessary to form a virus particle but lack the viral genome (RNA/DNA) and non-structural proteins
e.g. HPV
Toxoids vaccine
Toxins are “weakened” so they do not cause serious illness.
Triggers the same immune response as live vaccines and immunological memory is formed against the molecular markers of the toxoid without resulting in toxin-induced illness
e.g. DTap
what are the pros and cons of protein based vaccine
Pro: Effective immune response, very safe and less side-effects
Cons: less effective than live, short-term immunity needs boosting and/or adjuvant added or conjugate (polysaccharide with subunit) to boost the response,
Ineffective in infants ≤ 2 years
mRNA based vaccine
Stretch out the viral RNA and only take the portion that produces the spikes on the outer membrane of the virus that attaches to pulmonary epithelium
Problem is that mRNA is not very stable, so it requires a carrier molecule is necessary to enable entry of the mRNA into cells; lipid nanoparticles are most used (produced in Canada)
what are the pros and cons of mRNA_based vaccine?
Pro: Fast manufacturing and interchangeable antigen
No mRNA vaccine has been commercially authorized until 2020 so data is still being collected and NACI guidelines are constantly being updated.
Immunoglobulin & Monoclonal Antibodies
RSV vaccine
B-Cell specific plasma proteins create RSV specific antibodies – harvested and create vaccine.
Human monoclonal antibody IgG class
F-hRSV targets the fusion protein F blocking RSV fusion to epithelial cells in the respiratory tract.
what’s the only live vaccine that’s given orally?
rotavirus vaccine
rotavirus vaccine are given at ____
2 months and 4 months
contraindication of rotavirus vaccine
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) or other immune compromised conditions, - - intussusception
anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity