stress and disease

Question 1

who discovered fight or flight response

Answer 1

Walter B Cannon

Question 2

who discovered General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 2

Hans Selye

Question 3

what are the 3 stages of GAS

Answer 3

1. Alarm stage
2. Resistance/adaptation Stage
3. Exhaustion stage/allostatic overload

Question 4

Alarm stage

Answer 4

○ The secretion of hormones and catecholamines to support physiological and metabolic activity
○ Boosts the immune system to protect against infection and disease

Question 5

Resistance/adaptation Stage

Answer 5

○ Requires continued mobilization of the body’s resources to cope and overcome a sustained challenge

Question 6

Exhaustion stage

Answer 6

When the body’s physiological and immune system o longer effectively cope with the stressor and marks the onset of disease

Question 7

whats Psyconeuroimmunology (PNI)

Answer 7

The study of how consciousness, mediated by CNS, interacts with immune system to defend the body against infection.

Question 8

Allostasis

Answer 8

“stability through change”,
a dynamic strategy with the brain continuously monitoring many parameters to anticipate what is required from the neuroendocrine and autonomic systems to meet the challenges of future events.

Question 9

Allostatic Overload

Answer 9

overactivation of theses adaptive regulatory physiological systems that may lead to clinical pathophysiology and increase of the chance of disease.

Question 10

__________ may undergo structural remodeling that alters behavioral and physiological responses to increase the risk of developing cognitive impairments and depression

Answer 10

Hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex

Question 11

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system

Answer 11

Hypothalamus: corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)–>anterior pituitary: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) –> adrenal cortex: cortisol

Question 12

Chronic cortisol secretion on CNS

Answer 12

cognitive impairments and emotional disorders
○ Reduce hippocampal volume
○ Enlarge the ventricles
○ Modulate reversible cortical atrophy

Question 13

Chronic cortisol secretion can cause (disease)

Answer 13

• Metabolic syndrome
  
  • Fetal development
  • Gastric secretion
  • Glucocorticoids can induce T cell apoptosis

Question 14

Th1

Answer 14

fights viruses, cancer and intracellular bacteria and initiates more of a cellular response

Question 15

Th2

Answer 15

fights extracellular bacteria and parasites and initiate more of a humoral response. (also responsible to allergic reactions)

Question 16

Cortisol _____innate immunity and ______ autoimmune response

Answer 16

Cortisol decrease innate immunity and increase autoimmune response

Question 17

cortisol promote adaptive immunity by

Answer 17

stimulating growth and activating mast cells and eosinophils, as well as the differentiation of B cell immunoglobulins

Question 18

__________ release catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Answer 18

Adrenal medulla

Question 19

Norepinephrine

Answer 19

regulation of blood pressure, promotion of arousal, and increased vigilance, anxiety, and other protective emotional response

Question 20

Norepinephrine binds to

Answer 20

primarily with alpha receptors

Question 21

Epinephrine binds with

Answer 21

both alpha and beta receptors

Question 22

Gut-Brain Axis

Answer 22

relationship between gut microbiome and neuro-immuno-endocrine mediators of the GBA

Question 23

Sickness Syndrome

Answer 23

a collection of nonspecific symptoms, caused by inflammatory cytokines stimulate prostaglandins binding in the brain

Question 24

Substance P

Answer 24

proinflammatory, increases in response to stress

Question 25

hunger hormone

Answer 25

Ghrelin

Question 26

Stress-Age Syndrome

Answer 26

• Alterations in the excitability of the limbic system and hypothalamus
  
  • Increase of the blood concentrations of catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, and cortisol
  • Decrease of the concentrations of testosterone, thyroxine, and others
  • Alterations of opioid peptides
  • Immunodepression and pattern of chronic inflammation
  • Alteration sin lipoproteins
  • Hypercoagulation of the blood
  • Free radical damage of the cells