Altered Cellular Biology

Question 1

atrophy

Answer 1

decrease in cellular size but number can stay the same

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in cellular size but number stays the same, no new phenotypical cells

Question 3

hyperplasia

Answer 3

increase in number of cells

Question 4

metaplasia

Answer 4

one type phenotype of cell is replaced by a different type of cell

Question 5

dysplasia

Answer 5

deranged cellular growth (not true cellular adaptation but atypical hyperplasia)

Question 6

6 common mechanisms in cellular injury

Answer 6

1. ATP loss
2. reactive oxygen species (ROS)
3. Ca2+ entry
4. mitochondrial damage
5. membrane damage
6. protein misfolding, DNA damage/genotoxic stress

Question 7

describe the steps of oncosis (hydrophilic degeneration)

Answer 7

1. decreased in ATP= mitochondrial injury
2. failure of the sodium–potassium pump
3. failure of sodium-calcium exchange (trapping Ca2_ in the cell
4. cellular swelling due to increased osmotic pressure
5. cytoplasmic rupture & vacuolation

Question 8

postmortem changes

Answer 8

algor morti
livor mortis
rigor mortis
postmortem autolysis

Question 8

reperfusion injury

Answer 8

1. oxidative stress
2. Ca2+ influx
3. inflammation
4. complement activation

Question 9

allostasis

Answer 9

when one organ system is damaged, multiple organ systems adapt to maintain homeostasis through allostasis

Question 10

adaptation

Answer 10

reversible structural or functional response

Question 11

3 Major damaging effects of free radicals

Answer 11

1. Lipid peroxidation, leading to membrane damage and increased permeability
2. Protein alterations, lead to loss and protein misfolding
3. DNA damage, causing mutations

Question 12

Karyolysis

Answer 12

nuclear dissolution