Innate Immunity

Question 1

First line of Defence include

Answer 1

Physical and Biochemical Barriers and the Human Microbiome

Question 2

Epithelial Cell-Derived Chemicals
Antimicrobial peptides

Answer 2

cathelicidins
Defensins
Collectins

Question 3

GI bacteria flora functions

Answer 3

a) Produce enzymes that facilitate the digestion and utilization of many molecules in the human diet
b) Usable metabolites
Antibacterial factors that prevent colonization by pathogenic microorganisms

Question 4

Second line Defence

Answer 4

Inflammation

Question 5

4 characteristics of inflammation

Answer 5

a) Occurs in tissues with a blood supply (vascularized)
b) Rapid activation
c) Depends on cellular and chemical components
d) Nonspecific

Question 6

Inflammation process (3 steps)

Answer 6

1. Vasodilation
2. Increased vascular permeability
3. White blood cell adherence

Question 7

4 Benefits of inflammation

Answer 7

§ Prevents infection and further damage by microorganisms
§ Limits and controls the inflammatory process
§ Interacts with components of the adaptive immune system to elicit a more-specific response to contaminating pathogens
§ Prepares the area of injury for healing and repair

Question 8

Complement system

Answer 8

a) Activation of C3 and C5

Question 9

3 major pathways control the activation of complement system inflammation

Answer 9

a) Classic pathway: activated by antibodies
b) Alternative pathway: activated by substances on the surface of bacteria
c) Lectin pathway: activated by plasma proteins that recognize carbohydrate patterns of pathogens

Question 10

Classic pathway activated by

Answer 10

activated by antibodies

Question 11

Alternative pathway activated by

Answer 11

activated by substances on the surface of bacteria

Question 12

Lectin pathway activated by

Answer 12

activated by plasma proteins that recognize carbohydrate patterns of pathogens

Question 13

Four functions of inflammation

Answer 13

a) Opsonization
b) Anaphylatoxic activity, mast cell degranulation
c) Leukocyte chemotaxis
d) Cell lysis (MAC)

Question 14

3 functions Clotting system

Answer 14

a) Stop bleeding
b) Trap microorganisms
c) Provide framework for future repair

Question 15

Kinin system

Answer 15

Prekallikrein–> bradyknine –>
· vessel dilation,
· prostgalndins (pain)
· Increase vascular permeability
Control and Interaction of Plasma Protein system

Question 16

Mast cells

Answer 16

activation of inflammation

Question 17

Dendritic cells

Answer 17

connect innate and acquired immune responses

Question 18

Cellular Receptors types

Answer 18

§ Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
§ Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
§ Complement receptors
§ Scavenger receptors
§ NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

Question 19

Cytokines

Answer 19

intercellular -signalling molecules
§ Pro or anti- inflammatory

Question 20

§ Cytokine storm syndrome

Answer 20

over active immune response

Question 21

degranulation release ___

Answer 21

histamine

Question 22

Histamine to H1 is

Answer 22

pro-inflammatory

Question 23

Histamine to H2 is

Answer 23

anti-inflammatory

Question 24

Chemotaxis

Answer 24

directional movement of cells along a chemical gradient created by a chemotactic factor

Question 25

Leukotrines

Answer 25

increase vascular permeability

Question 26

Prostagladins

Answer 26

pain

Question 27

Prostacyclin

Answer 27

increase blood flow

Question 28

Diapedesis

Answer 28

emigration of the cells through the junctions

Question 29

5 steps of phagocytosis

Answer 29

1. Recognition and adherence of the phagocyte to its target
   2. Engulfment
   3. Formation of a phagosome
   4. Fusion of the phagosome with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte
   5. Destruction of the target

Question 30

Oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms

Answer 30

production of toxic oxygen species;

Question 31

Oxygen-independent mechanisms:

Answer 31

a) Acidic pH (3.5-4) of the phagolysosome
b) Cationic proteins
c) Enzymatic attach by lysozyme and other enzymes
d) Inhibition of bacterial growth by lactoferrin binding of iron

Question 32

Local Manifestations of Acute Inflammation

Answer 32

§ Serous exudate
§ Fibrinous exudate
§ Purulent exudate
§ Hemorrhagic exudate

Question 33

Systemic Manifestations of Acute Inflammation

Answer 33

1. Fever
   a) Endogenous pyrogens
2. Leukocytosis
3. Increased circulating plasma proteins
   a) ESR- indication of acute inflammatory response
   b) C-reactive protein

Question 34

Chronic Inflammation

Answer 34

§ Last more than 2 weeks
§ Macrophages differentiate into
□ Epithelioid cells
□ giant cells

Question 35

Wound Healing 3 phases

Answer 35

Phase 1: inflammation
Phase 2: proliferation and New tissue formation (day 3-4 ~ 2 weeks)
Phase 3: remodelling and maturation

Question 36

Dysfunctional Wound Healing

Answer 36

1. Ischemia
2. Excessive bleeding
3. Obesity
4. Excessive fibrin deposition
5. A predisposing disorder, e,g DM
6. Wound infection
7. Inadequate nutrients
8. Numerous medications
9. Tabacco smoke

Question 37

3 plasma protein systems provide a biochemical barrier against invading pathogens in the circulation

Answer 37

complement system,
clotting system
kinin system

Question 38

Local manifestations of inflammation include

Answer 38

vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Question 39

3 primary systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 39

fever, leukocytosis, and an increase in the levels of circulating plasma proteins

Question 40

Resolution and repair occur in two separate phases

Answer 40

reconstructive phase: the wound begins to heal
maturation phase: the healed wound is remodeled