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Patho & Pharm > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what’s contact inhibition

A

cancer cells can grow into other cells

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2
Q

Anchorage
independence

A

can metastasize

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3
Q

transformation of normal cells into cancer cells

A

Decreased need for growth factors to multiply
* Lack contact inhibition
* Anchorage independence
* Immortality

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4
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal genes
that direct protein
synthesis and
cellular growth

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5
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutant genes

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6
Q

Tumour-suppressor
genes

A
  • Encode proteins that in their
    normal state negatively regulate proliferation
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7
Q

Caretaker genes

A

Encode for proteins that are
involved in repairing damaged
DNA

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8
Q

telomerers

A

Telomeres are protective caps on each chromosome and are held in place by telomerase.
* Block cell division and prevent immortality

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9
Q

Cancer cells can ______ telomerase

A

activate

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10
Q

angiogenic factors (VEGF)

A
  • Vascular endothelial GF
  • Platelet-derived GF
  • Basic fibroblast GF
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11
Q

Warburg effect

A

Use of glycolysis under normal oxygen conditions (aerobic glycolysis)
* Allows products of glycolysis to be used for rapid cell growth
* Activated by oncogenes and mutant tumour suppressors

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12
Q

________ is an important factor in the development of
cancer

A

chronic inflammation

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13
Q

Tumour-associated macrophage (TAM)

A

Key cells that promote tumour survival.
* Presence frequently correlates with a worse prognosis.
* Mimic M2 phenotype.
* Have diminished cytotoxic response.
* Develop the capacity to block T-cytotoxic cell and NK cell
functions and produce cytokines that are advantageous for
tumour growth and spread.

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14
Q

Model for transition to metastatic cancer cells

A

Epithelial– Mesenchymal Transition
(EMT)

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15
Q

Epithelial– Mesenchymal Transition
(EMT)

A

Epithelial characteristics lost
* Increased migratory capacity
* Increased resistance to apoptosis
* Dedifferentiated stem cell–like state
* Growth favoured in foreign
microenvironments

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16
Q

local spread of CA

A

Cellular multiplication
* Mitotic rate versus cellular death rate
* Release of lytic enzymes
* Decreased cell-to-cell
adhesion
* Increased motility

17
Q

distant spread of CA

A

Spread through vascular
and lymphatic pathways
* Selectivity of different
cancers at different sites
* Breast canceràbones
* Lymphomasàspleen
* Dormancy

18
Q

microscopic analysis of staging

A

Stage I: No metastasis
Stage II: Local invasion
Stage III: Spread to regional structures
Stage IV: Distant metastasis

19
Q

TNM system

A

T for primary tumour size and extent
N for node involvement
M for extent of distant metastasis

20
Q

Tumour cell markers

A

substances produced by cancer cells that are found on or in tumour cells, in the blood, CSF, or urine

21
Q

all tissue may be classified as belonging to one of four groups:

A
  • Nervous tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
22
Q

3 main treatments for
cancer

A
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy
    (recently immunotherapy)
23
Q

therapy are two
of the more well known treatments in immunotherapy for CA

A

Immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR T cell therapy

24
Q

Two types of polyps can develop in the inner lining of colon/ rectum:

A

Adenomatous Polyps (adenoma): precancerous
Hyperplastic polyps: inflammation, not precancerous

25
Q

Most childhood cancers are thought to originate from the _________ germ layer

A

mesodermal germ layer

26
Q

____ is an oncogene involved in the development of neuroblastoma and glioblastoma

A

MYCN

27
Q

Anaplasia

A

cancer cells lack cell differentiation or are “without form”

28
Q

characteristics of Cancer

A
  • Gene mutations
  • Apoptosis
  • Anaplasia
  • Anchorage independent
  • Metastasis
29
Q

guardian of the genome

A

TP53 activates caretaker gene

Patho & Pharm (35 decks)

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