cellular biology

Question 1

eukaryotes vs prokaryotes

Answer 1

eukaryotes has nucleus
prokaryotes does not have nucleus

Question 2

8 cellular functions of eukaryotes

Answer 2

movement
conductivity
metabolic absorption
secretion
excretion
reproduction
respiration
communication

Question 3

cytoplasm

Answer 3

aqueous solution called cytosol
contains enzymes for metabolism
suspends and provides structure for organelles
storage for fat and carbohydrates
supports various organelle functions including synthesis/transport of proteins and hormones

Question 4

cytoskeleton (3 functions)

Answer 4

1. provides supportive matrix structure
2. cellular movement
3. allows cells to change their shape to engulf in the phagocytosis process

Question 5

microfilaments in cytoskeleton

Answer 5

actin filaments 1: movement MSK
actin filaments 2: pseudopods to change cellular shape for phagocytosis
intermediate filaments: strong and not flexible, anchor
microtubule filaments: hollow and transport
movement filaments: microvilli e.g. sperm

Question 6

nucelues

Answer 6

1. genetic materials divison/replication
   repari/RNA/protein information storage

Question 7

function of the nucleolus:

Answer 7

transcription

Question 8

nuclear envelope is connected to ___

Answer 8

ER (SER and RER)

Question 9

RER (3 purpose)

Answer 9

1. protein synthesis
2. protein folding and supercoiling
3. protein activation

Question 10

SER (4 purposes)

Answer 10

1. lipid synthesis
2. CYP450 enzymes
3. Glucose
4. calcium stroage

Question 11

golgi apparatus =

Answer 11

packaging centre

Question 12

purpose of lysosome (3)

Answer 12

1. macro particle breakfown
2. autophagy of organelles
3. autolysis of damaged cell

Question 13

purpose of peroxisome (3)

Answer 13

1.breakdown free radicals
2. fatty acid/lipid/cholesterol metabolism
3: ethanol metabolism

Question 14

two main oxidative enzymes in peroxisome

Answer 14

catalase
oxidase

Question 15

___ contain hydrolytic enzymes
examples of hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 15

lysosome contain hydrolytic enzymes
they are protease, nuclease, lipase, glucosidase

Question 16

mitochondria

Answer 16

1. ATP synthesis
2. metabolic reactions
3. regulation process (pH control, cell signaling, osmotic regulation)

Question 17

caveolae

Answer 17

caves that can capture extracellular material and shuttle it inside the cell

Question 18

vaults

Answer 18

cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins
“truck” shuttling molecule from nucleus to elsewhere in the cell

Question 19

cell/plasma membrane functions

Answer 19

1. structure/storage
2. protection
3. activation of the cell (e.g. hormones)
4. cell to cell interaction

Question 20

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 20

tail: hydrophobic
head: hydrophilic

Question 21

protein functions

Answer 21

transport channels/carriers
enzymes
receptors
surface markers
cell adhesino molecules
catalysts

Question 22

5 reasons for cellular communcation

Answer 22

Maintain Homeostasis
Regulate growth and division
Develop and organize into cells to form types of tissue
Function coordination
Cell death process

Question 23

cellular transduction pathway results in

Answer 23

1. divide growth
2. survive
3. differentiation

Question 24

4 types of cellular communication

Answer 24

1. receptors
2. remote signaling by secreting molecules
3. direct contact: e.g. gap junctions
4. chemical signaling

Question 25

6 types of chemical signaling in cell-cell communication

Answer 25

1. contact dependent
2. paracrine
3. autocrine
4. hormone
5. neurohormone
6. neurotansmitters

Question 26

3 characteristics of stems cell

Answer 26

1. Self renewal
   
   2. Proliferation
   3. differentiation

Question 27

3 key factors that maintain the cellular organization of tissues

Answer 27

1. Recognition and cell communication
   
   2. Selective cell-to-cell adhesion
2. memory