Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

4 characteristics of adaptive immunity

Answer 1

1. Inducible
2. Specific
3. Long-lived and systemic
4. Memory

Question 2

Clonal diversity

Answer 2

large population of B and T cells before birth capable of recognizing different antigens

Question 3

Humoral immunity

Answer 3

antibodies circulate in the blood

Question 4

Clonal selection

Answer 4

infection occurs, B cells develop into plasma cells; T cells develop into (Thelper, Tcytotoxic, Tregulatory)

Question 5

Cellular immunity

Answer 5

T cells in the blood and tissues defend against intracellular pathogens

Question 6

Active immunity

Answer 6

individuals develops antibodies to antigens; long-lived

Question 7

Acquired immunity

Answer 7

maternal antibodies pass through placenta to newborn; short-lived

Question 8

Haptens

Answer 8

too small to be immunogens, but can combine with larger molecules (carriers for hapten)

Question 9

5 Classes of Immunoglobulins

Answer 9

i. IgG: most abundant, cross placenta
ii. IgA: in blood and bodily secretions
iii. IgM: largest
iv. IgE: low concentration; allergy and parasite
v. IgD: low concentration, antigen receptor on early B cells

Question 10

Fabs (Antigen-binding fragments)

Answer 10

receptor site

Question 11

Fc (crystallizable fragment)

Answer 11

biological function of antibodies

Question 12

Light chain contains

Answer 12

variable region- Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs)- specificity of antibodies to antigen

Question 13

Heavy chain contains

Answer 13

constant region

Question 14

Epitope

Answer 14

(on antigen): antigenic determinant

Question 15

Functions of Antibodies (direct and indirect mechanisms)

Answer 15

§ Direct mechanism:
§ Neutralization
§ Agglutination
§ Precipitation
§ Indirect mechanism:
§ Fc portion activate components of the innate immune response, complement and phagocytes

Question 16

Paratope

Answer 16

(on antibody): antigen-binding site

Question 17

BCR
TCR

Answer 17

B cell antigen receptor
T cell antigen receptors

Question 18

Somatic recombination

Answer 18

rearrangement of existing DNA during C-cell development in the primary lymphoid organs

Question 19

Central tolerance

Answer 19

immunocompetent B cells that initiate a response against foreign antigens and are tolerant to self-antigens

Question 20

All T cells can be identified by__ on their surface

Answer 20

CD3

Question 21

APCs - antigen presenting cells

Answer 21

dendritic cells, macrophages

Question 22

Primary immune response

Answer 22

5-7 days, IgM

Question 23

Secondary immune response

Answer 23

rapid production of a larger amount of antibody than the primary response; more IgG

Question 24

MHC 1

Answer 24

all nucleated cells: endogenous, recognized by Tc

Question 25

MHC 2

Answer 25

on APCs (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)

Question 26

3 complementary intracellular signalling events

Answer 26

i) Antigen-specific recognition through the TCR complex
ii) Activation of intercellular adhesion molecules
iii) The response to specific groups of cytokines

Question 27

Class switch in B cell maturation

Answer 27

change in antibody production from one class to another (e.g. IgM to IgG)

Question 28

Natural killer (NK) cells

Answer 28

lack antigen-specific receptors, has MMHC 1 receptor, but no CD8

Question 29

Treg cells ___immune response

Answer 29

Treg cells limit immune response

Question 30

___ (antibodies )from placenta for first 6 months

Answer 30

IgG

Question 31

(6) Factors influence the capacity of a pathogen to cause disease

Answer 31

§ Communicability
§ Portal of entry
§ Infectivity
§ Virulence
§ Pathogenicity
§ Toxigenicity

Question 32

Countermeasures Against Infectious Microorganisms
(4 ways)

Answer 32

○ Infection Control Measure
○ Antimicrobials
○ Active Immunization
○ Passive Immunity

Question 33

4 types of Hypersensitivity

Answer 33

1. Type I: IgE mediated Reactions
2. Type II: tissue specific reactions
3. Type III: immune complex-mediated reactions
4. IV: cell mediated reactions

Question 34

5 classes of antiretroviral drugs

Answer 34

• Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
  
  • Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)
  • Protease inhibitors (PIs)
  • Fusion inhibitors
  • CCR5 antagonists