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Radiology > Urology II > Flashcards

Urology II Flashcards

1
Q

1st line investigation

A

Uss

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2
Q

imaging modalitits for urinary bladder

A
  1. US (transabdominal/ transrectal)
  2. voiding cystogram and retrograde urethrogram
  3. CT
  4. MRI
  5. Radionuclide examinations(functional
  6. ateriography
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3
Q

Uses of Uss in Lower GUT

A

Measurement UB wall thickness
Dx UB tumors and diverticulum
Measurement of PVRV (post voiding residual volume)
In case of trauma
Dx of some disease of genital tract

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4
Q

Types of US in lower GUT

A

Transabdominal
Trans rectal

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5
Q

Uses of VCUG

A
  1. Find the cause of urinary problem (repeated UTI and incontinence)
  2. Check for vesicoureteral reflux
  3. Check for structural problems of the bladder and urethra
  4. Follow up on other problems found during by different test

VCUG = Voiding Cystourethrogram

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6
Q

Parts of urethra:

A

Anterior urethra
Penile urethra
Bulbar urethra
posterior urethra
Membranous urethra
prostatic urethra

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7
Q

waht is the shape of the dome of bladder?

A

rounded in male

flat or concave in female

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8
Q

bladder is free or fixed?

A

relativly free, the neck is fixed by: puboprostatic ligaments (males) or pubovesical ligaments (females)

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9
Q

the most appropriate way to evaluate the urethra:

A
  1. Retrograde urethrography for anterior urethra
  2. Voiding uretrocytography for posterior urethra
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10
Q

When is the bladder thickness considered abnormal?

A

if > 3 mm when full or distended

Or > 5 mm when empty or non-distended.

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11
Q

Bladder Mural calcification may be seen in

A

Schistosomiasis

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12
Q

Chronic cystitis can cause:

A

A bladder neoplasm, foreign body, or diverticulum

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13
Q

cystitis by US:

A
  1. thick wall (diffuse or rarly focal)
  2. intra-luminal depris
  3. mural calcification (schistosomiasis)
  4. thimbled bladder (TB)
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14
Q

Contracted “Thimble” bladder result from

A

In cystitis secondary to tuberculosis

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15
Q

Modalities that are useful to assess for the presence of a fistula.

A

MRI and CT

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16
Q

if you see thickning + nodular + calcification in the UB

A

chistosomiasis cystitis

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17
Q

types of bladder cancer

A
  1. Transitional cell carcinoma (most common)
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. adenocarcinoma
  4. small cell carcinoma (rare)
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18
Q

review

PET scan is the best for diagnosis of urinary tract tumor (T/F)

A

False becouse FDG is excreted and acumulated in the bladder making it unsuitable.

19
Q

ok PET is not used at all in UB tumors?

A

incorrect it play a role in assessment of distal metastasis

20
Q

for locally staging the bladder cancer we use

A

MRI (the best)

21
Q

define the Bladder diverticula

A

An outpouching from the bladder wall( mucosa herniates through the bladder wall).

22
Q

causes of Bladder diverticula

A
  1. conginital (hutch diverticulum)
  2. obstruction
23
Q

complications of Bladder diverticula

A
  1. stone formation
  2. infection
  3. tumors
24
Q

causes of bladder calcification

A
  1. in the lumen: stones (most common)
  2. in the wall: schistosomiasis or tumor
25
Q

define neurogenic bladder

A

UB dysfunction due to nerve injury (CNS/PNS)

26
Q

types of neurogenic bladder

A
  1. large atonic
  2. hypertrophic (due to outflow obstruction)
27
Q

special sign for neurogenic bladder

A

Christmas tree bladder

28
Q

types of bladder rapture

A
  1. Intraperitoneal –> in the dome –> usually due to cystoscopy
  2. Extraperitoneal –> in the base (anterolateral) –> usually to to pelvic fracture
29
Q

can the bladder rapture be diagnosed by US

A

yes but the site of a tear may not be seen

30
Q

which type of bladder rapure is more dangerous

A

Intraperitoneal (needs surgical repair)

31
Q

causes of Bladder Outlet Obstruction

A
  1. BPH
  2. Ca prostate
  3. prostitis
  4. Bladder neck stenosis
  5. Urethral stricture
  6. Urethral stone
  7. Bladder tumors
  8. Neurogenic bladder
32
Q

signs of Bladder Outlet Obstruction by US

A
  1. thick trabeculated wall
  2. residual urine
  3. dilatation of collecting system
33
Q

what is the excellent modality for prostate imaging

A

MRI

34
Q

by US what is the volume of prostate in case o BPH?

A

> 30ml (width * height * length * 0.52)

35
Q

review

what is the most common cancer?

A
  1. the most common is the lung cancer
  2. the most common 1ry tumor in men is the prostate
  3. the most common malignancy in men between 20 - 35y is the testicular tumors
36
Q

review

what is the 1st cause of cancer-related death?

A
  1. the first in both sex is the lung cancer
  2. the second cause of cancer-related death in male –> prostate
37
Q

about Nuclear medicine

A

no flash cards for Nuclear medicine

can you summarize it?

38
Q

causes of urethral stricture

A
  1. post traumatic –> proximal penile urethra
  2. post infection –> any portion (common in anterior urethra)
39
Q

review

the most appropriate way to evaluate the urethra

A
  1. Retrograde urethrography for anterior urethra
  2. Voiding uretrocytography for posterior urethra
40
Q

commonest cause of bladder outflow obstruction in male neonates

A

ongenital posterior urethral valve

41
Q

the most common tisticular tumor is

A

testicular seminomas

42
Q

US of hydrocele

A
  1. simple fluid collection
  2. avascular on doppler
  3. may contain septation & calcification or cholesterol
43
Q

US of testicular torsion

A
  1. doppler: vascular flow at periphry but lack of flow at the central potion
  2. echogenicity: normal at acute phase, in missed torsion may see hemorrhage (small spots of hyperechoic)

Radiology (16 decks)

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