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Radiology > Short Notes > Flashcards

Short Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Types of UB injruy

A

Intraperitoneal bladder rupture (dome of the bladder)
Extraperitoneal bladder rupture (base of the bladder)

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2
Q

Imaging findings suggestive of ovarian simple cyst

A

Anechoic
Posterior acoustic enhancement
Thin invisible wall
No increased vascular flow on doppler
Surrounded by normal ovarian tissue

Mri: homogeneous, T1: low signal intensity (dark). T2: very high signal intensity (bright)
Post contrast : thin and featureless wall enhancement

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3
Q

Imaging findings suggestive of ovarian dermoid cyst

A

Hyperechoic mass
Distal acoustic shadowing with/without hyperechoic lines
Non dependent fliud level
Mri: T1: fat is T1 hyperintense, Fat suppression: loss of T1 signal. T2: hyperintense

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4
Q

Imaging findings suggestive of hemorrhagic cyst:

A

US: thin walled complex cyst
Multiple low level thin internal echoes
MRI: T1: iso to hyperintense T2: hyperintense

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5
Q

Characteristics of malignant nodule

A

Margin: irregular or spiculated margins
Diffuse and amorphous or punctate Calcification
Growth rate: doubling time is usually between 30 and 400 days
Contrast enhancement of >20 HU
Increased FDG uptake on PET

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6
Q

Causes of pulmonary embolism

A

DVT
C/S
Fracture of long bone

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7
Q

Difference between cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma

A

Cystadenoma:
Thin wall, single large cystic cavity, thin few spetations
cystadenocarcinoma:
Thick wall, solid nodule, thick&many septations, ++vascularity, ascitis, lymphadenopathy, liver metastasis, and pleural effusion.

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8
Q

Radiological signs of dermoid cyst:

A

Dot and dash or salt and papper
Tip of iceberg
Rokitansky nodule inside it
Fat
Tooth
Sac of marbles

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9
Q

BIRADS

A

BIRADS 0: incomplete assessment
BIRADS 1: negative
BIRADS 2: benign
BIRADS 3: Probably benign
BIRADS 4: probably malignant
BIRADS 5: malignant
BIRADS 6: biopsy proven malignancy

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10
Q

Difference between EDH and SDH
About EDH:

A

need sudden strong trauma, so it is associated with a skull fracture
Lens shaped hge
Always acute: hyperdense
Always unilateral (coup)
Cannot cross suture
Can cross falx cerebri
Common in young
Due to rupture of middle meningeal vessels (A>V)

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11
Q

Difference between EDH and SDH
About SDH:

A

Need repeated minor trauma( no skull fracture)
Crescent shaped hge
May be acute, subacute, or chronic
May be unilateral(coup) or bilateral( coup&countercoup)
Can cross sutures
Cannot cross falx cerebri
Common in old age due to brain atrophy(no support to veins)
Due to rupture of cortical bridge veins

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12
Q

Complicated Meningitis

A

Sub or epidural empyema
Ventriclitis
Brain infarction
Secondary hydrocephalus

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13
Q

DDs od ring enhanced lesion

A

Cerebral abscess
Neurocysticercosis
Metastasis
Glioblastoma

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14
Q

Causes of intraventricular hemorrhage (primary)

A

Anticoagulation
HTN
Aneurysm
Substance abuse
Trauma (less likely)

NB: Often will need an external ventricular drain

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15
Q

Acute vs chronic stroke

A

Pathology:
Acute: cytotoxic edema
Chronic: encephalomalacia: wallerian degeneration
density: both hypoattenuated
Acute: more dense than CSF
Chronic: CSF density
Mass effect:
Acute: positive (volume gain) sulci and gyri effacement and midline shift or herniation
Chronic: negative (volume loss) widened sulci, ex vacuo dilatation of ipsilateral ventricle

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16
Q

Mention three radiological modalities used in the dx of Pulmonary embolism

A

Chest X-ray (initial investigation, non specific)
CT Pul. Angiography (CTPA).
Ventilation/perfusiom lung scan
Pumonary angiography (gold standard)

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17
Q

Principles of radiation protection

A

Distance
Time
Shielding

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18
Q

Contraindications of MRI

A
  1. pacemaker or defibrillator
  2. Bullets or gunshot pellets
  3. Cerebral aneurysm clips
  4. Cochlear implant
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19
Q

Uses of Barium with names:

A

Oral route:
Barium swallow for esophagus
Barium meal for stomach
Barium follow through for small bowel
Retrograde rectum route
Barium enema for colon

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20
Q

Definition of stroke

A

Sudden, focal neurological deterioration due to a disturbance in the blood supply to the brain

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21
Q

Goals of imaging in acute stroke

A

Rule in or out other disease process.
Define location, extent, and age of infarction
Do so as rapid as possible

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22
Q

Imaging modalities for acute stroke

A

CT
MRI
DWI MRI
PWI MRI
DSA
Doppler carotid

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23
Q

Early signs of ischemic infarction

A

Dense artery sign
Effacement of sulci
Poor differentiation of gray-white matter

24
Q

MRI T1appearance of blood according to the age of storke:

A

Hyperactute: isointense
Acute: isointense
Early subacute: bright
Late subacute: bright
Chronic: dark

25
Q

MRI T2 appearance of blood according to the age of storke:

A

Hyperactute: bright
Acute: dark
Early subacute: dark
Late subacute: bright
Chronic: dark

26
Q

Advantages of conventional radiography

A

Cheap
Fast
Low radiation
Protable machines
Still the most widely obtained imaging studies

27
Q

Disadvantages of conventional radiography

A

Limited range of densities
Ionizing radiation

28
Q

Advantages of Fluoroscopy

A

Widely available
Inexpensive
Functional and anatomical imaging
No sedation required

29
Q

Disadvantages of Fluoroscopy

A

Requires: ingestion or injection of contrast medium (patient cooperation) and risks for allergy and renal insufficiency

Radiological hazard:
Time consuming
It is time-consuming because we are following contrast agents inside organs

30
Q

X-ray uses medical field

A

Plain X-rays are mostly used to detect pathology in the skeletal system.
Sometimes used for soft tissue:
-Chest X-ray to identify lung disease like pneumonia or lung cancer
-abdominal X-ray to detect intestinal obstruction?, free air or free fluid.

31
Q

Disadvantages of CT

A

Expensive
Need large space
Ionizing radiation
Usually requires IV contrast
Can’t detect intra articular abnormalities
Dense bone (petrous ridge for example) and metal cause severe artifact.

32
Q

Major benefite of CT scanning over conventional radiography

A

Ability to expand the gray scale
Multislices CT scanner permits very fast imaging
New applications: virtual colonoscopy and vitrual bronchoscopy, cardiac ca scoring, CT coronary angiography

33
Q

Advantages of US

A

Doppler for flow
No radiation l
Can be portable
Relatively inexpensive

34
Q

Disadvantages of US

A

Highly dependent on patients body size and US operator
Air or bowel gas prevents visualization of structures

35
Q

Common calcified structures in CNS

A

Pineal gland
Basal ganglia
Choroidal plexus

36
Q

Signs of pulmonary embolism

A

Localized area of consolidation
Localized area of collapse
Pleural effusion

37
Q

Advantages of MRI

A

non Ionizing radiation
Produce much higher contrast bt different types of soft tissues than even CT
MRI is widely used in neurologic imaging (sensitive in soft tissue imaging)

38
Q

Disadvantages of MRI

A

Expensive
Not widely available
Uncooperative patients need sedation or aensthesia
Modern implants may cause black artifact

39
Q

Radiological findings of pulmonary edema

A

Bilateral opacifications (Bat wings signs)
Bilateral consolidation
kerley B line
++cardiac thoracic ratio

40
Q

CXR trauma findings

A

Pneumothorax
Flair chest
Idk ):

41
Q

Contraindications of IVU

A

Renal insufficiency
Multiple consecutive contrast study
H/O allergy
Cardiac disease
Patients who are on stop the drug 48hr before contrast injection

42
Q

IVU good for

A

Show the renal function
UT obstruction
Renal and bladder mass
Congenital anomalies
Localization of ectopic kidney

43
Q

The cause of UT obstruction :

A

In men: BPH or prostatic cancer
In women: gynecological cancers and pregnancy
In young adults: calculi is most common
In children: reflux and ureteropelvic junction obstruction

44
Q

Types of nephrocalcinosis

A

Medullary nephrocalcinosis (95%)
Cortical nephrocalcinosis (5%)
Pratial, combined

45
Q

Radiographic features of Chronic pyelonephritis

A

Renal scarring
Renal atrophy
Renal cortical thinning
Compensatory hypertrophy of residual normal tissues
Calyceal Clubbing
Thickening and dilatation of the calyceal system
Overall renal asymmetry

46
Q

Conditions associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

A

Cerebral berry aneurysms
HTN
Colonic diverticulosis
Bicuspid aortic valve
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic dissection

47
Q

Causes of bladder Calcification

A

Stone
Calcification in the wall is rare (due to schistosomiasis or bladder tumor)

48
Q

Two type of neurogenic bladder

A

Large atonic
Hypertrophic type

49
Q

Causes of bladder outlet obstruction :
3 bladdr
3 prostate
2 urethra

A

Bladder tumor
Bladder neck stenosis
Neurogenic Bladder
BPH
Prostatic cancer
Prostatitis
Urethral stone
Urethral strictures

50
Q

Normal indentations of the esophagus

A

Aortic arch (22.5 cm)
Left bronchus (27.5 cm)
Enlarged left atrium

51
Q

Signs of peptic stricture

A

Short
Smooth outline
Tapering ends
Ulcer may be seen close to stricture

52
Q

Cuases of esophageal stricture

A

Peptic (GERD)
Carcinoma
Achalasia
Corrosive
Surgery

53
Q

Modalities and radiological signs of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

X-ray: single bubble sign
Barium meal: string sign, umbrella sign, tram track sign
USS (best): cervix sign, antral nipple sign, target sign

54
Q

US measurement in congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

Pyloric muslce wall thickness >3mm
Pyloric transverse diameter >14mm with closed Pyloric channel
Elongated pyloric canal >17 mm in length
Exaggerated peristaltic waves

55
Q

Examples of extramural lesions compressing the esophagus

A

Carcinoma of the bronchus
Enlarged mediastinal lymph node
Aneurysm of aorta

56
Q

Features suggesting malignant gastric ulcer

A

Doesn’t protrude beyond the gastric contour (endoluminal)
Irregular and shallow ulcer crater
Nodular and angular ulcer mound
Nodular gastric folds
Carman meniscus sign
More often along the greater curvature

57
Q

Features suggesting benign gastric ulcer

A

Site: along lesser curvature in gastirc body and antrum
Outpouching of ulcer crater beyond the gastric contour
Smooth rounded and deep ulcer crater
Smooth ulcer mound
Smooth gastric folds
Hampton’s line

Radiology (18 decks)

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