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Radiology > Important Short Notes > Flashcards

Important Short Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Imaging findings of pituitary hypoplasia

A

Small shallow sella torcica
Small adenohypophysis
Ectopic neurohypophysis
Midline facial& cranial anomalies

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2
Q

DDs of macroadenoma ( or suprasellar or sella torcica mass)

A

Lipoma
Pars intermedia cyst(rathk’s cleft cyst)
Meningioma
Arachnoid cyst
Aneurysm
Apoplexy
Craniopharyngioma
Sheehan’s syndrome

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3
Q

Localization of parathyroid gland:

A

Sonography and 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy are the dominant imaging techniques for preoperative location of parathyroid adenomaa

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4
Q

Differentiating benign from malignant adrenal mass by CT

A

Intracellular lipid content of adrenal mass represents the histological difference between adenomas and metastases.

Difference in vascular enhancement pattern represent the physiological difference.
(Adenomas vigorously anhance and exhibit early washout of contrast material compared with metastases

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5
Q

DDs of Adrenal gland mass

A

Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal hyperplasia
Adrenal hemorrhage
Adrenal cyst
Adrenal myelolipoma

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6
Q

DDs of dens vertebra

A

Metastases
Lymphoma
Paget’s disease
Healing fracture
Haemangioma

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7
Q

Radiological findings of tension pneumothorax:

A

• Air (black) in pleural space
• No lung markings in pleural space
• collapse lung at affected side
• mediastinal shifting to the opposite side
• lying diaphragm
• ++ density of the opposite lung
• ++ intercostal space

Next step : Chest tube

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8
Q

Types of bronchiectasis

A

Cylindrical (tubular)
Varicose
Cystic

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9
Q

Cuases of pleural effusion:

A

HF
Pneumonia
Malignancy
Pulmonary embolism

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10
Q

Types of emphysema

A

Centrilobular
Panlobular
Paraseptal

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11
Q

Cuases of Pneumoperitoneum (needing surgery)

A

Bowel perforation 90%
Duodenal ulcer
Colon diverticulum

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12
Q

Causes kf pneumoperitoneum (not needing surgery)

A

• Postoperative, (air can last up to 4wks)
• Thoracic - pneumothorax
• Abdominal - pneumatosis
• Gynecologic - transvaginal

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13
Q

Types of diaphragmatic hernia:

A

Morgagni hernia
Bochdalek hernia

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14
Q

Mention radiological difference between benign and malignant esophageal strictures:

A

Benign stricture has tapering ends with smooth outline
Malignant stricture has overhanging edges or shouldering with irregular outline

تقدر تفسوي من عندك زي اتقوله hx of weight loss والا الpeptic تلقاه في الlower esophagus وهكذا

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15
Q

Mention radiological difference between benign and malignant gastric ulcer
It’s going to be a long day.

A

Benign:
• Often along the lesser cuvature of stomach, in the gastric body and antrum region.
• Outpouching of ulcer crater beyond the gastric contour (exolumina)
• smooth rounded and deep ulcer crater
• smooth ulcer mound
• smooth gastric folds that reach the margin of the ulcer
• hampton’s line
Malignant:
• Doesn’t protrude beyond the gastric contour (endoluminal)
• irregular and shallow ulcer crater
• Nodular and angular ulcer mound
• Nodular gastric folds that don’t reach the ulcer margin
• Carman meniscus sign
• more often along the greater curvature of stomach

Summary
Crater, Mond, site, gastric contour,
Remember Hampton’s (Harmless = benign) and Carman (Carcinoma = malignant)

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16
Q

What are radiological signs of esophageal atresia:

A

• Non-progression of an orogastric catherter in the blind esophageal pouch with the presence of air in the stomach (with fistula)
• the radio-opaque tube jn the blind esophageal pouch and the absence of air in the stomach (without fistula)
•On barium study, the esophagus ends as blind pouch in the upper mediastinum
•

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17
Q

What are radiological signs of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis:

A

Uss: target sign, cervix sign, antral nipple sign with Exaggerated peristalsis
Barium meal: shoulder sign, mushroom sign, mucosal nipple sign, and string sign

تبي تفسوي زيادة تذكر القياسات : 3mm, 14mm, 17mm

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18
Q

Radiological signs of duodenal atresia

A

US: double bubble sign
Pain CAXR: larger double is air in dilated stomach, and smaller bouble is air in dilated proximal duodenum
There is little or no air distal to the obstruction

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19
Q

Radiological signs of **Malrotation with a midgut volvulus

A

Pain x-ray: double bubble sign
Barium meal: corkscrew sign
US: whirlpool sign

20
Q

Radiological signs of Hirschprung’s disease HSD (Congenital megacolon)

A

Contrast enema: abrupt transition zone from the small distal aganglionic segment to dilated normally innervated bowel

21
Q

Write short notes about pneumoperitoneum radiology:

A

Erect CXR: sub diaphragmatic air (crescent sign)
Supine AXR: the rigler sign (double wall sign): the gas is outlining both sides of the bowel wall
The football sign: in case of massive pneumoperitoneum (inflant with necrotizing enterocolitis)

22
Q

Causes of small bowel obstruction

A

congenital:
Jejubal atresia
Midgut volvulus
Meconium ileus
Meckel diverticulum
Aquired:
Adhesions
Hernia
Tumor
Gallstone ileus
Intussusception

23
Q

Causes of large bowel obstruction :

A

Carcinoma (60%)
Diverticulitis (20%)
Volvulus
Stricture, such as from crohn’s d
Faecal impact
Hernia
Imperforate anus kr meconium ileus in paediatric population

24
Q

CT acute appendicitis:

A

> 8-9 mm outer-to-outer
Wall thickening (>3mm), enhancement and stratification if no gangrene
Thickening of the cecal apex
Periappendiceal inflammation fat stranding.
Extraluminal fluid
Phegmon (inflammatory mass) or abscess

25
Q

Large bowel obstruction vs. Small bowel obstruction, fight !

A

Large bowel:
• Peripheral
• Haustral markings don’t extend from wall to wall
• Max diameter 6cm (9cm cecum)
Small bowel:
• Central
• Plica extends across lumen
• Maximum diameter of 3cm

26
Q

Classification of splenic injury

A

I - Capsular disruption, subcapsular hematoma
II - Peripheral laceration, hematoma < 3cm
III - Fracture extending to the hilum, hematoma > 3cm
IV - Shattered spleen, vascular disruption

27
Q

DDs of multiple liver lesions:

A

Multiple abscess
Regenerating nodules in cirrhosis
Multiple cysts
Multiple hemangioma
Metastases

28
Q

What are the radiological feature of pulmonary fibrosis??

A

Irregular interlobular septal thickening.
Interlobular reticular opacity
Irregular pleural thickening
-
honeycombing
traction bronchiectasis
lung architectural distortion

29
Q

What are the CT finding of empyema?

A

Typically appears as a fluid density collection in the pleural space (pleural effusion) with locules of gas , that shows thick enhancing pleural lining with typical split pleura sign

30
Q

What are the x-ray findings of a collapsed lung?

A

displacement of a fissure/s occurs towards the collapsing lobe.
a significant amount of volume loss is required to cause air space opacification.
the collapsed lobe is triangular or pyramidal in shape, with the apex pointing to the hilum

31
Q

mention radiological modalities used in GIT imaging.

A

Plain X-ray.
Ultrasound.
Contrast studies (Barium, water-soluble).
Computed tomography (CT).
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Scintigraphy.

32
Q

give short not about normal constriction of the esophagus

A

Esophagus has four constrictions
1st constriction
At the beginning of esophagus, at the level of C6 vertebra (15 cm from incisor teeth).
2nd constriction
Where the arch of aorta crosses it, at the level of T3
vertebra ( 22.5 cm from incisor teeth)
3rd constriction
Where the left bronchus crosses it, at the level of T6
vertebra ( 27.5 cm from incisor teeth )
4th constriction
Where it passes through the diaphragm, at the level of
T10 vertebra ( 40 cm from incisor teeth)

33
Q

short note about Esophageal atresia.

A

An absence in the continuity of the esophagus due to an inappropriate division of the primitive foregut into the trachea and esophagus
This is the most common congenital anomaly of the esophagus.
May associated with duodenal atresia or pyloric stenosis.

34
Q

radilogical finding of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis by ultrasound

A

Pyloric muscle wall thickness >3 mm
Pyloric transverse diameter >14 mm with pyloric channel closed
Elongated pyloric canal >17 mm in length
Exaggerated peristaltic waves

35
Q

short notes about gastric ulcer

A

An infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria
Taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Complications: POB
Perforation
Gastric Obstruction
Bleeding
Ulcer location
90-95% of gastric ulcers are located on the lesser curvature and posterior stomach wall in the gastric body and antrum
They are uncommonly seen on the greater curvature (~5%)

36
Q

What are the anatomical classification of fractures?

A

Fractures are classified by their complexity, location, and other features. Common types of fractures are transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, impacted, greenstick, open (or compound), and closed (or simple).

37
Q

What are the radiological signs of rickets?

A

1) metaphyseal cupping and fraying
2) poor mineralization of epiphyseal centers,
3) splaying (widening of the metaphyseal ends

38
Q

D/D of dense vertebrae

A

• Metastases
• Lymphoma
• Paget’s disease
• Haemangioma
• Healing fracture

39
Q

What are the main radiological modalities used in obstetrics imaging , and the role of each modality

A

1 -Ultrasound: The primary imaging modality, Trans abdominal , endo vaginal, Doppler , 3D,4D
utilizing sound waves to visualize the fetus, uterus, and ovaries without ionizing radiation. It is essential for monitoring fetal development, assessing congenital abnormalities, and determining gestational age.
2 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Used for detailed imaging of the fetus and placenta, particularly in high-risk pregnancies. MRI is considered safe throughout pregnancy and provides valuable information regarding fetal and maternal conditions.–

40
Q

What are the key features that indicate a malignant lesion in mammography

A

1- Shape: Malignant lesions typically present as irregular shapes, while benign lesions are often round or oval14.
2- Margins: Spiculated or indistinct margins are highly suggestive of malignancy. benign lesions usually have well-defined, circumscribed margins25.
3- Density: Malignant lesions often appear as high-density masses compared to surrounding breast tissue. Low-density lesions are more likely to be benign.
4- Calcifications: Microcalcifications associated with malignancy tend to be small, Pleomorphic, or clustered, whereas benign calcifications are larger and more uniform in appearance

41
Q

What are the difference in sonographic imaging feature between benign and malignant ovarian cysts? mention at least 3 differences

A

Benign Ovarian Cysts:
1 - unilocular, Regular multilocular, .
2- thin septation ,
3-Solid components are usually less than 7 mm in diameter.
4- Vascularity: No detectable Doppler signal.

Malignant Ovarian Cysts:
1- Shape: Often irregular and multilocular.
2- thick septation Solid components (nodules) .
3- Ascites: Presence of ascites is common.
4- Vascularity within the : High Doppler signal indicating increased blood flow.

42
Q

Imaging modality for pulmonary embolism and which is best

A
  1. chest computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
  2. echocardiography
  3. MRI
  4. nuclear imaging
43
Q

causes of enlarged cardiac silhouette

A
  1. cardiomegaly (most common cause by far)
  2. pericardial effusion
  3. anterior mediastinal mass
  4. prominent epicardial fat pad
  5. expiratory radiograph

توا تلقى تفاصيل و mcq ع الموضوع هذا
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/enlargement-of-the-cardiac-silhouette

44
Q

DD of Single liver nodule

A

?
I know DDs of multiple liver nodules

45
Q

Radiologic signs of arthritis

A

Narrowing + erosion + bone formation
1. joint space narrowing
2. subchondral sclerosis
3. osteophytosis
4. joint erosions
5. subchondral cysts
6. bone marrow lesions
7. synovitis

Radiology (37 decks)

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