Urological Structures Flashcards
What do the uterers do?
Carry urine away from the kidneys to the bladder
Why do the openings of the bladder close when urine accumulates?
To prevent back flow of urine towards the pelvis
How many tissue layers is the walls of the ureters made up of?
3
- outer
- middle
- inner
What is the outer covering of ureter made up from?
- fibrous connective tissue
What is the middle layer of ureter made up of?
Smooth interlacing muscle
What is the inner layer called?
Mucosa
Transitional epithelium
How many layers makes up the bladder?
3
- outer
- middle
- inner
What does the outer layer of the bladder consist of?
- loose connective tissue
- blood and lymphatic vessels
What is the middle layer of bladder made from?
- interlacing smooth muscle fibres and elastic tissue
- arranged in layers
What are the muscles in the middle bladder layer do? And what does it do?
Detrusor muscle
Allows distension (swelling) of the bladder as it fills
What is the inner layer (mucosa) made up from?
Transitional epithelium
Rugae when empty
What controls the outflow of urine?
The internal urine sphincter
Muscle layer in the upper urethra
What is micturition?
Expelling urine
How does micturition happen?
- accumulation of urine activates receptors in the bladder wall
- transmitted to spinal cord and to micturition centre in brain
- stimulates involuntary contraction and relaxation urethral spinchter
Effect of progesterone and relaxin on ureters:
Relax the smooth muscle
Reduces peristalsis
Could cause ureters to kink, hindering urine flow
How can the ureters become compressed?
The Gravid uterus
Hydronephrosis
Kidney swelling due to urine build up
Pyelonephritis
Bacterial infection of renal pelvis
Causes small abscesses
What happens to the capacity of the bladder under the influence of progesterone?
Increases
What happens to the urethra during Labour?
Elongates as bladder moves upwards into abdomen
Causes of incontinence:
- over-distension of bladder during labour
- injury/ weakening to the pelvic floor
-unrepaired second degree tears
Anuria and oliguria
Anuria- absence of urine
Oliguria- urine output of less than 400 ml
Dysuria
Pain on passing urine
Method of MSU
- ask woman to wash hands and external genitalia
-once she has passed a little bit of urine, catch the mid-stream in the sterile pot - empty the rest of bladder
-label sample with patient information and send for microculture and sensitivity (MC+S)
