Heart

Question 1

Location of the heart

Answer 1

Fifth intercostal space
Midclavicular line

Question 2

What forms the right border, the inferior border and the anterior space?

Answer 2

Right atrium (RB) and right ventricle (IB & AS)

Question 3

What forms the apex and left border?

Answer 3

Left ventricle

Question 4

Where does the deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava come from and to?

Answer 4

Superior= top half
Inferior=bottom half

To the right atrium

Question 5

Where does the pulmonary trunk take deoxygenated blood to?

Answer 5

The lungs

Question 6

Where does the pulmonary veins take oxygenated blood to?

Answer 6

Left atrium

Question 7

Where does the aorta take oxygenated blood to?

Answer 7

Body

Question 8

Fibrous pericardium

Answer 8

Tough covering for protection over the heart ( outermost layer)

Question 9

What is in the Parietal layer

Answer 9

Fluid filled to reduce friction

Question 10

Visceral layer

Answer 10

Wrapped around the heart ( touching the heart)

Question 11

Pericardial space function

Answer 11

For effective pumping ( between parietal and visceral)

Question 12

Serous pericardium

Answer 12

Lines the fibrous pericardium
Double layer of serous membrane

Question 13

Parietal pericardium

Answer 13

Outer layer of serous pericardium

Question 14

Visceral pericardium

Answer 14

Inner layer of pericardium,attached to myocardium below

Question 15

Myocardium

Answer 15

Striated cardiac muscle
Cells rich with mitochondria and has a nucleus
Branches in contact with adjacent cell branches

Question 16

Myocardium functionality

Answer 16

Cardiac cell arrangement performs like a sheet of muscle
Separate nerve supply’s not needed
Impulses spread from cells via the branches
Sheet arrangement allows for contractions to be coordinated

Question 17

Are heart contractions voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 17

Involuntary

Question 18

Endocardium

Answer 18

Thin membrane lining the heart chambers and valves
Single layer of flattened epithelial cells
Very smooth to reduce friction from blood flowing over it

Question 19

Purpose of values

Answer 19

To prevent blood backflow

Question 20

Purpose of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

Answer 20

Ensures the valves doesn’t turn inside out

Question 21

Tricuspid valves

Answer 21

In between atria and ventricles (atrioventricular valves)

Question 22

Bicuspid valves

Answer 22

In between atria and aorta (semi lunar/ mitral)

Question 23

How does the size and position of the heart change during pregnancy?

Answer 23

• heart is pushed upwards from 5th to 4th intercostal space
• size and volume of the heart increases due to increased venous filling
• resulting in enhanced cardiac performance

Question 24

How much does blood volume increase by during pregnancy?

Answer 24

45-50%

Question 25

Why does blood volume need to increase during pregnancy?

Answer 25

• meet demands of enlarged uterus
• provide extra blood flow to the placenta
• gaseous exchange
• extra perfusion of maternal organs

Question 26

What causes anaemia during pregnancy?

Answer 26

• plasma volume increases by 45%
  -RBC increases by 20%
• dilution of RBC

Question 27

What hormones stimulate the release of erythropoietin?

Answer 27

-progesterone
-prolactin
-oestrogen

Question 28

What happens to the blood vessels during pregnancy?

Answer 28

• peripheral vasodilation
• influenced by progesterone and oestrogen

Question 29

What happens to the cardiac output during pregnancy?

Answer 29

• increases by 30-50%
  -increased stroke volume

Question 30

What happens to BP during pregnancy?

Answer 30

Slight decrease by 10 mmHg approximately

Question 31

Supine hypotension and symptoms:

Answer 31

• inferior vena cava is compressed by gravid uterus
• increase in heart rate as decrease in cardiac output
• dizzy/ faint after lying supine