Skeletal System

Question 1

5 basic tissues comprising of the muscoskeletal system

Answer 1

1) bones
2) ligaments
3) cartilage
4) skeletal muscles
5) tendons

Question 2

Function of ligaments

Answer 2

Attaches bones together

Question 3

Function of cartilage

Answer 3

Protective gel like substances lining joints and discs

Question 4

Functions of tendons

Answer 4

Attaches muscles to bones

Question 5

5 types of bones:

Answer 5

-flat bones
-long bones
-short bones
-irregular bones
-sesamoid bones

Question 6

How many bones are there at birth and how many in an adult?

Answer 6

270 at birth
206 bones in an adult

Question 7

Functions of the skeletal system

Answer 7

• to provide structure and body framework
• attaches muscles and tendons to allow movement
• forming boundaries and protects the organs
• stores the minerals

Question 8

Features of spongy bones tissue

Answer 8

• porous and highly vasucularised
• honeycomb like

Question 9

Spongy bone tissues function

Answer 9

• reduces bone density
  -allows end of long bones to compress due to stress

Question 10

Features of compact bone tissue

Answer 10

• contains nerves and blood vessels
• the hard outer layer
  -gives bones the smooth, white solid appearance

Question 11

Features of long bones

Answer 11

-diaphysis (shaft)
-epiphyses ( extremities)

Question 12

What is diaphysis composed of?

Answer 12

• fatty yellow bone marrow

Question 13

What is epiphyses and what does it contain?

Answer 13

• outer covering of compact bone with spongy bone
• hyaline cartilage
• vascular membrane
• Bone cells for production and breakdown
• has its own blood supply
• full of nerves

Question 14

Types of bone cells

Answer 14

• osteoblasts
• osteocytes
• osteoclasts

Question 15

What’s the function of osteoblasts?

Answer 15

• Bone building cells
• They deposit new bone issue around themselves , becoming trapped
• differentiates into osteocytes

Question 16

What’s the function osteocytes?

Answer 16

• mature bone cells
• they do not divide
• responsible for bone formation
• responsible for calcium homeostasis

Question 17

Function of osteoclasts?

Answer 17

• bone reabsorbing cells
• destroys old bone cells

Question 18

Stage 1 of osteogenesis

Answer 18

Osteoblasts secretes osteoid which replaces cartilage in foetus

Question 19

Stage 2 of osteogenesis

Answer 19

Calcium and phosphate calcify and become a hard, rigid mature bone

Question 20

Stage 3 of osteogenesis

Answer 20

Cells become trapped and become osteocytes

Question 21

How bones grow

Answer 21

• starts as cartilage and becomes harder from the centre going outwards
• diaphysis lengthens
• blood vessels and and nervous tissue assists with growth
• compact bone (epiphyses)
• spongy bone growth stimulated by osteocytes becoming osteoblasts

Question 22

What hormones promotes bone growth in foetus?

Answer 22

Human growth hormone
Thyroxine
Tri-iodothyronine

Question 23

What does testosterone and oestrogen do to the bone mass and density?

Answer 23

Increases it

Question 24

Which hormone controls calcium uptake?

Answer 24

Calcitonin

Question 25

What can exercise do to your bones?

Answer 25

Thicken and strengthen them

Question 26

First stage of haematoma formation

Answer 26

Blood vessels leak into surrounding tissue

Question 27

Hat is the Second stage of bone healing called?

Answer 27

Callus formation

Question 28

What happens during callus formation?

Answer 28

• Haematoma is stabilised by fibrin
• fibroblasts migrate and lay down collagen
• osteiods are laid and bone ends join the tissue
• dead bones fragments are removed by macrophages
  -new capillaries begin to form

Question 29

When does bony callus formation take place?

Answer 29

After 2 weeks
Osteoblasts calcify the osteiod
Ends of broken bones are bought together

Question 30

What is stage four of bone healing called?

Answer 30

Remodelling

Question 31

What happens during remodelling?

Answer 31

External callus is converted to compact bone
Medullary cavity is recanalisation