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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Non specific defences:

A

Skin
Nose hair
Cilia
Secretions (vaginal, saliva)
Gastric acid

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2
Q

Is phagocytosis specific or non specific?

A

Non specific

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3
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

What a phagocyte engulfs and destroys a pathogen due to its foreign antibody
Alerts the immune system of a pathogen invasion

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4
Q

Signs of an inflammatory response

A

Temperature
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

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5
Q

What happens during an inflammatory response?

A

1) increased blood flow- capillaries dilate so more blood flows to the area (redness)

2)accumulation of tissue fluid-fluid leaves the blood (swelling) so blood is thicker and moves slower

3)leukocytes- blood is thicker so WBC can stick to the vessel wall as, good for phagocytosis

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6
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Non selective lymphocyte
Search the body for abnormal cells

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7
Q

What does specific immunity contain?

A

T and B lymphocytes

Attracted to one specific antigen

Memory cells produced

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8
Q

Where are T and B lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

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9
Q

Where to T cells migrate to for maturation?

A

Thymus gland
Become mature under thymosin
Activated when encountering infective connective tissue

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10
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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11
Q

How do T cells become activated?

A

By an APC (antigen presenting cell)
Body cell that has a pathogens antigen attached to it

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12
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Destroys abnormal cells by releasing toxins

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13
Q

Helper T cells

A

Stimulates B cells to produce antibodies

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14
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Turns off activated T and B cells
Stops the immune response from damaging own cells

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15
Q

Memory T cells

A

Responds rapidly when in contact with same antigen

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16
Q

Types of B cells

A

Memory (secondary response)
Plasma (produces antibodies)

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17
Q

What’s are antibodies also known as?

A

Immunoglobulins

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18
Q

Function of antibodies

A

Binds to antigens

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19
Q

Structure of antibodies

A

2 longer amino acids chains
2 polypeptide chains
Held together by disulphide bridges
Y shaped

20
Q

Primary response

A

Immune systems first encounter
Symptoms occur as body tries to make antibodies against the antigen
Memory cells made

21
Q

Secondary response

A

Immune system encounters the same antigen
Memory cells produces antibodies on a faster, larger rate
Symptoms less likely to occur

22
Q

Active immunity

A

Immune system has responded to antigen and made its own antibodies

23
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies have been given
Antibodies break down therefore immunity is brief

24
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Weakened pathogen/toxins injected so immune system produces antibodies

25
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Maintains fluid balance by returning tissue fluid into venous blood system

26
Q

What happens in the nodes?

A

Organic matter is filtered and cleared of foreign debris and material before being returned

27
Q

Where do activated T and B cells multiply?

A

Lymph nodes

28
Q

Where are the lymphoid tissues?

A

Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen

29
Q

Why does the fetus risk being rejected by the maternal immune system?

A

Paternal antigens are expressed of fetal cells
Maternal immune system recognises these antigens as non-self

30
Q

What hormones stop the maternal immune system from rejecting the fetus?

A

Progesterone
hCG
Corticosteroids

31
Q

What does the Decidua contain, stopping immune rejection?

A

Macrophages- clears debris
Regulatory T cells- limit response from other T cells, inhibiting immune response
Natural killer cells- destroys trophoblastic cells

32
Q

What hormone suppresses the immune system?

A

Progesterone

33
Q

What hormone causes the number white blood cells to rise?

A

Rising levels of Oestrogen

34
Q

Why does white blood cell number rises around the time of Labour?

A

Infection risk during Labour and post-birth
Prevention of infection

35
Q

What do T helper cells do and why does the number decline during pregnancy?

A

Stimulates immune system to make antibodies
Suppresses the immune system to inhibit the risk of fetal rejection

36
Q

Common infections in the mother:

A

-group B strep
-Candida albicans (thrush)
-strep A

37
Q

Common infections in the neonate:

A

-group B strep
-meningitis
-sepsis
-candid albicans

38
Q

What happens if mum tests negative to RhD?

A

Prophylactic anti-D at 28 weeks

39
Q

What does anti-D do?

A

Destroys baby’s blood that may have mixed with maternal blood, stopping an immune reaction

40
Q

When is anti-D given?

A

-28 weeks
-within 72 hours of sensitising event ( vaginal bleeding, trauma to abdomen
-within 72 hours postnatal

41
Q

What is the purpose of the kleihauer blood film?

A
  • estimate volume of mixing of fetal and maternal blood
    -maternal blood tested for fetal RBC
    -advice given on amount of anti-D required
42
Q

What is the purpose of Coombs test:

A

-measures volume of antibodies present
Tests either maternal blood or blood from cord for antibodies

43
Q

Purpose of blood grouping:

A

Tests for ABO and rhesus status

44
Q

What happens if mum is rhD- but baby is rhD+?

A

Anti D required

45
Q

Why is anti-D important?

A

-if mum makes anti D antibodies, they can travel through the placenta and destroy fetal RBC
-Causes fetal anaemia, cardiac failure, pathological jaundice

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (38 decks)

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