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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > Female Reporductive System > Flashcards

Female Reporductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Vulva

A

External genitalia

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2
Q

Internal reproductive organs

A

Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries

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3
Q

Mons pubis/veneris

A

Pad of fat right at the top of the vulva

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4
Q

Labia majora

A

Two folds of fat that are covered with pubic hair on the outer surface

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5
Q

Labia minora

A

Smaller folds that lie between labia majora
Upper layer forms the prepuce

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6
Q

Prepuce

A

Retractable piece of skin which surrounds and protects the clitoris

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7
Q

Fourchette

A

Where the labia minora fuse postierorly

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8
Q

Vestibule

A

Area inside the labia minora that includes the vaginal opening and urethra opening

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9
Q

Urethral orifice

A

Opening of the pee hole

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10
Q

Vaginal orifice

A

Opening of the vagina that is partially closed by hymen

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11
Q

Greater vestibular glands

A

Two glands on either side of vaginal opening that secretes mucus for lubrication

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12
Q

Clitoris

A

External part (clitoral glans) are densely packed with nerve endings

Internal part has erectile tissue

Supplied with blood from punendal arteries

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13
Q

Vagina function

A

Passage for menstrual flow
Childbirth
Sex

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14
Q

Where is the vagina in relation to the bladder, rectum and uterus?

A

Bladder is anterior
Rectum is posterior
Uterus is superior

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15
Q

Vaginal walls measurements

A

Posterior- 10cm long
Anterior wall- 7.5cm long

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16
Q

Cervical Fornices location

A

(Imagine cervix is like a ring)
Posterior fornix is behind the cervix
Anterior fornix is the front of the cervix
Lateral fornix is the sides of the cervix

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17
Q

Features of Vaginal lining

A

Squamous epithelium
Rugae
pH is acidic to prevent any infections

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18
Q

Types of Muscle layer

A

Weaker inner circular fibres
Stronger outer longitudinal fibres

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19
Q

Pelvic fascia

A

Connective tissue surrounding the vagina

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20
Q

The uterus

A

Hollow pear shaped muscular organ

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21
Q

Position of uterus

A

Anteversion- uterus leans forward

Anteflexion- bends forward upon itself

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22
Q

Fundus

A

Top wall of the uterus

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23
Q

Cornuae

A

Where the fallopian tubes join the uterus

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24
Q

Cavity

A

Within the body of the uterus, triangle looking

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25
Isthmus
Junction between body and cervix
26
Perimetrium
The layer draped over the uterus and tubes
27
Myometrium
Muscle layer: 1)inner circular fibres around cervix 2)interlacing spiral fibres over the upper part 3)longitudinal fibres from the cervix to the fundus to the cervix again
28
Endometrium
Ciliated epithelium Functional layer that shed during menstruation Basal layer that regenerates every cycle
29
Cervix
Part of the uterus Lower part sits within the vagina Upper part sits above the vagina
30
Cervical canal features
Columnar epithelium that secretes mucus Muscles fibres embedded allow it to stretch during labour
31
Internal os
Narrow opening between isthmus and cervix
32
External os
Round opening at lower end of cervix
33
Uterus blood supply
Branches of internal iliac artery
34
Uterine tubes function
(Also known as fallopian tubes) Propels the ovum towards the uterus
35
Infundibulum
Composed of fimbriae Fimbria elongate to catch the egg
36
Uterine tube structure
Longitudinal and circular muscle Lined with ciliated columnar epithelium
37
Purpose of ciliated columnar epithelium
Wafts ovum from infundibulum towards uterus Contains plicae Goblet cells whose secretions nourish the ovum
38
Ovaries function
Produces oocytes and oestrogen and progesterone
39
Ovary cortex
Functioning part that contains the ovarian follicles
40
Ovary medulla
Supporting network made of fibrous tissues Blood vessels and nerves travel through it
41
Puberty
Age where reproductive organ reach maturity Females: 12-14
42
Hormonal trigger for puberty
Hypothalamus releases LHRH LHRH acts on pituitary gland which releases FSH and LH These cause oestrogen to be secreted by ovaries
43
2ndary sex characteristics (female)
Maturation of uterus, tubes and ovaries Breasts grow Growth of pubic hair Widening of pelvis Increased fat deposition in hips and breasts
44
Menarche
Start of menstruation
45
Menopause
Ending of menstruation entirely
46
Menstruation
Vaginal bleeding as lining of uterus shed
47
Oogenesis
When mum is 20 weeks gestation, primary ova are formed in the developing fetus’ ovaries
48
How does Follicle maturation happen
Hypothalamus secretes LHRH Pituitary gland releases FSH and LH which acts on the ovary
49
During follicle development
Follicle secretes oestrogen Follicle matures from primordial (immature) to graafian (mature) follicle Follicular fluid increases and follicle migrates to surface of ovary
50
What happens during Ovulation to the follicle
Follicle ruptures which releases ovum Ovum is caught by fimbriae and propelled along tube towards uterus
51
Post ovulation
Corpus luteum (ghost of egg) secretes progesterone This causes LH and FSH to fall Falling LH levels leads to death of corpus luteum if not fertilised
52
What causes menstruation?
Decrease in progesterone and oestrogen
53
What causes the regrowing of functional endometrium layer?
Follicle maturing (Proliferative phase)
54
What happens during ovulation that is because of progesterone?
Progesterone from corpus luteum stimulates the endometrium to become watery to help sperm to swim
55
What happens to the uterus during pregnancy?
- increased vascularity and fluid retention due to progesterone and oestrogen - mechanical stretching - becomes an abdominal organ
56
What is the endometrium called during pregnancy?
Decidua 8mm necessary for successful implantation
57
What happens to the myocytes in the myometrium?
- hyperplasia (increase in number 10x ) - hypertrophy ( increase in size)
58
What does progesterone do to the myometrium?
-relaxes it and inhibits contractions
59
How does the oblique muscle layer assist in stopping bleeding post- birth?
Myocytes is shaped in a figure of 8 Constricts around each blood vessel to stop bleeding
60
What happens to the perimetrium ligaments during pregnancy?
-open out to accommodate increase in size of uterine and ovarian blood vessels
61
Benefit of enlarged uterine veins during contractions:
Reservoir of o2 blood is left in uterus during contractions
62
Why does the isthmus become thin and have transverse muscle fibres?
- thinner so less vascular - CS are done transverse in line with muscle fibres - easier healing and easier to heal
63
How much does uterine blood flow increase by?
10 fold
64
Define uterine vascular remodelling:
Changing of uterine blood vessels during pregnancy
65
What happens to the spiral arteries during pregnancy?
-Trophoblasts cause spiral arteries to dilate 5-10x and lose muscle — creates pool of o2 maternal blood in intervillous space
66
Changes to the uterus post- birth:
-involution - returns to being a pelvic organ - should return to anteflexion and anteversion
67
Ischaemia:
Retraction of uterine muscles to constrict blood vessels after expulsion of the placenta to restrict blood loss
68
Autolysis:
Removal of left over actin and myosin fibres by enzymes and macrophages
69
Phagocytosis:
Removal of excess fibrous and elastic tissue Some elastic tissue remains so uterus never returns to pre-pregnancy state
70
What happens to the Decidua post birth?
Shed as lochia -rubra (bright red 1-3) - serosa (darker red 4-10) -alba (light pink to clear 11-21)
71
What happens to the cervix during pregnancy?
Changes from closed and hard to soft, distensible, stretchy All under hormonal control
72
Softening of the cervix:
-occurs soon after fertilisation -collage fibres are disrupted - cervical oedema - increased vascularity causes blueish tint
73
Ripening of the cervix:
Weeks before onset of Labour Cervix loses its structure and becomes soft and thin
74
Effacement and dilation of the cervix:
Muscle fibres pulled up to become part of lower uterine segment, decreasing length of cervix (effacement) External os begin to open (dilation)
75
Operculum:
Columnar epithelial cells that proliferate and secrete mucus, acting as a plug
76
Function of the operculum:
- protective seal against pathogens - antibacterial properties
77
Bishops score:
Scoring to predict likelihood of spontaneous Labour by look at cervical positioning and consistency, effacement and dilation
78
What happens to the vagina during pregnancy?
- epithilial mucosa thickens -connective tissue loosens - hypertrophic of smooth muscle cells
79
Leucorrhea:
Thick, white cervical discharge Increased during pregnancy
80
Why does the vaginal pH remain low during pregnancy?
Inhibits the growth of infection
81
What happens to the vulva during pregnancy?
Increased vascularity and blood flow to the muscles of the perineum and vulva

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (38 decks)

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