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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > Female Reporductive System > Flashcards

Female Reporductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Vulva

A

External genitalia

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2
Q

Internal reproductive organs

A

Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries

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3
Q

Mons pubis/veneris

A

Pad of fat right at the top of the vulva

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4
Q

Labia majora

A

Two folds of fat that are covered with pubic hair on the outer surface

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5
Q

Labia minora

A

Smaller folds that lie between labia majora
Upper layer forms the prepuce

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6
Q

Prepuce

A

Retractable piece of skin which surrounds and protects the clitoris

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7
Q

Fourchette

A

Where the labia minora fuse postierorly

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8
Q

Vestibule

A

Area inside the labia minora that includes the vaginal opening and urethra opening

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9
Q

Urethral orifice

A

Opening of the pee hole

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10
Q

Vaginal orifice

A

Opening of the vagina that is partially closed by hymen

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11
Q

Greater vestibular glands

A

Two glands on either side of vaginal opening that secretes mucus for lubrication

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12
Q

Clitoris

A

External part (clitoral glans) are densely packed with nerve endings

Internal part has erectile tissue

Supplied with blood from punendal arteries

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13
Q

Vagina function

A

Passage for menstrual flow
Childbirth
Sex

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14
Q

Where is the vagina in relation to the bladder, rectum and uterus?

A

Bladder is anterior
Rectum is posterior
Uterus is superior

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15
Q

Vaginal walls measurements

A

Posterior- 10cm long
Anterior wall- 7.5cm long

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16
Q

Cervical Fornices location

A

(Imagine cervix is like a ring)
Posterior fornix is behind the cervix
Anterior fornix is the front of the cervix
Lateral fornix is the sides of the cervix

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17
Q

Features of Vaginal lining

A

Squamous epithelium
Rugae
pH is acidic to prevent any infections

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18
Q

Types of Muscle layer

A

Weaker inner circular fibres
Stronger outer longitudinal fibres

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19
Q

Pelvic fascia

A

Connective tissue surrounding the vagina

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20
Q

The uterus

A

Hollow pear shaped muscular organ

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21
Q

Position of uterus

A

Anteversion- uterus leans forward

Anteflexion- bends forward upon itself

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22
Q

Fundus

A

Top wall of the uterus

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23
Q

Cornuae

A

Where the fallopian tubes join the uterus

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24
Q

Cavity

A

Within the body of the uterus, triangle looking

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25
Q

Isthmus

A

Junction between body and cervix

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26
Q

Perimetrium

A

The layer draped over the uterus and tubes

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27
Q

Myometrium

A

Muscle layer:

1)inner circular fibres around cervix
2)interlacing spiral fibres over the upper part
3)longitudinal fibres from the cervix to the fundus to the cervix again

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28
Q

Endometrium

A

Ciliated epithelium

Functional layer that shed during menstruation

Basal layer that regenerates every cycle

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29
Q

Cervix

A

Part of the uterus

Lower part sits within the vagina
Upper part sits above the vagina

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30
Q

Cervical canal features

A

Columnar epithelium that secretes mucus

Muscles fibres embedded allow it to stretch during labour

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31
Q

Internal os

A

Narrow opening between isthmus and cervix

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32
Q

External os

A

Round opening at lower end of cervix

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33
Q

Uterus blood supply

A

Branches of internal iliac artery

34
Q

Uterine tubes function

A

(Also known as fallopian tubes)
Propels the ovum towards the uterus

35
Q

Infundibulum

A

Composed of fimbriae
Fimbria elongate to catch the egg

36
Q

Uterine tube structure

A

Longitudinal and circular muscle
Lined with ciliated columnar epithelium

37
Q

Purpose of ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Wafts ovum from infundibulum towards uterus
Contains plicae
Goblet cells whose secretions nourish the ovum

38
Q

Ovaries function

A

Produces oocytes and oestrogen and progesterone

39
Q

Ovary cortex

A

Functioning part that contains the ovarian follicles

40
Q

Ovary medulla

A

Supporting network made of fibrous tissues
Blood vessels and nerves travel through it

41
Q

Puberty

A

Age where reproductive organ reach maturity
Females: 12-14

42
Q

Hormonal trigger for puberty

A

Hypothalamus releases LHRH
LHRH acts on pituitary gland which releases FSH and LH
These cause oestrogen to be secreted by ovaries

43
Q

2ndary sex characteristics (female)

A

Maturation of uterus, tubes and ovaries
Breasts grow
Growth of pubic hair
Widening of pelvis
Increased fat deposition in hips and breasts

44
Q

Menarche

A

Start of menstruation

45
Q

Menopause

A

Ending of menstruation entirely

46
Q

Menstruation

A

Vaginal bleeding as lining of uterus shed

47
Q

Oogenesis

A

When mum is 20 weeks gestation, primary ova are formed in the developing fetus’ ovaries

48
Q

How does Follicle maturation happen

A

Hypothalamus secretes LHRH
Pituitary gland releases FSH and LH which acts on the ovary

49
Q

During follicle development

A

Follicle secretes oestrogen

Follicle matures from primordial (immature) to graafian (mature) follicle

Follicular fluid increases and follicle migrates to surface of ovary

50
Q

What happens during Ovulation to the follicle

A

Follicle ruptures which releases ovum
Ovum is caught by fimbriae and propelled along tube towards uterus

51
Q

Post ovulation

A

Corpus luteum (ghost of egg) secretes progesterone
This causes LH and FSH to fall
Falling LH levels leads to death of corpus luteum if not fertilised

52
Q

What causes menstruation?

A

Decrease in progesterone and oestrogen

53
Q

What causes the regrowing of functional endometrium layer?

A

Follicle maturing

(Proliferative phase)

54
Q

What happens during ovulation that is because of progesterone?

A

Progesterone from corpus luteum stimulates the endometrium to become watery to help sperm to swim

55
Q

What happens to the uterus during pregnancy?

A
  • increased vascularity and fluid retention due to progesterone and oestrogen
  • mechanical stretching
  • becomes an abdominal organ
56
Q

What is the endometrium called during pregnancy?

A

Decidua

8mm necessary for successful implantation

57
Q

What happens to the myocytes in the myometrium?

A
  • hyperplasia (increase in number 10x )
  • hypertrophy ( increase in size)
58
Q

What does progesterone do to the myometrium?

A

-relaxes it and inhibits contractions

59
Q

How does the oblique muscle layer assist in stopping bleeding post- birth?

A

Myocytes is shaped in a figure of 8
Constricts around each blood vessel to stop bleeding

60
Q

What happens to the perimetrium ligaments during pregnancy?

A

-open out to accommodate increase in size of uterine and ovarian blood vessels

61
Q

Benefit of enlarged uterine veins during contractions:

A

Reservoir of o2 blood is left in uterus during contractions

62
Q

Why does the isthmus become thin and have transverse muscle fibres?

A
  • thinner so less vascular
  • CS are done transverse in line with muscle fibres
  • easier healing and easier to heal
63
Q

How much does uterine blood flow increase by?

A

10 fold

64
Q

Define uterine vascular remodelling:

A

Changing of uterine blood vessels during pregnancy

65
Q

What happens to the spiral arteries during pregnancy?

A

-Trophoblasts cause spiral arteries to dilate 5-10x and lose muscle
— creates pool of o2 maternal blood in intervillous space

66
Q

Changes to the uterus post- birth:

A

-involution
- returns to being a pelvic organ
- should return to anteflexion and anteversion

67
Q

Ischaemia:

A

Retraction of uterine muscles to constrict blood vessels after expulsion of the placenta to restrict blood loss

68
Q

Autolysis:

A

Removal of left over actin and myosin fibres by enzymes and macrophages

69
Q

Phagocytosis:

A

Removal of excess fibrous and elastic tissue
Some elastic tissue remains so uterus never returns to pre-pregnancy state

70
Q

What happens to the Decidua post birth?

A

Shed as lochia
-rubra (bright red 1-3)
- serosa (darker red 4-10)
-alba (light pink to clear 11-21)

71
Q

What happens to the cervix during pregnancy?

A

Changes from closed and hard to soft, distensible, stretchy
All under hormonal control

72
Q

Softening of the cervix:

A

-occurs soon after fertilisation
-collage fibres are disrupted
- cervical oedema
- increased vascularity causes blueish tint

73
Q

Ripening of the cervix:

A

Weeks before onset of Labour
Cervix loses its structure and becomes soft and thin

74
Q

Effacement and dilation of the cervix:

A

Muscle fibres pulled up to become part of lower uterine segment, decreasing length of cervix (effacement)
External os begin to open (dilation)

75
Q

Operculum:

A

Columnar epithelial cells that proliferate and secrete mucus, acting as a plug

76
Q

Function of the operculum:

A
  • protective seal against pathogens
  • antibacterial properties
77
Q

Bishops score:

A

Scoring to predict likelihood of spontaneous Labour by look at cervical positioning and consistency, effacement and dilation

78
Q

What happens to the vagina during pregnancy?

A
  • epithilial mucosa thickens
    -connective tissue loosens
  • hypertrophic of smooth muscle cells
79
Q

Leucorrhea:

A

Thick, white cervical discharge
Increased during pregnancy

80
Q

Why does the vaginal pH remain low during pregnancy?

A

Inhibits the growth of infection

81
Q

What happens to the vulva during pregnancy?

A

Increased vascularity and blood flow to the muscles of the perineum and vulva

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (38 decks)

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