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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the trachea split into?

A

Right and left primary bronchus

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2
Q

What is the top of the lung called?

A

Apex

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3
Q

What counts as the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
  • larynx
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4
Q

What counts as the Lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli
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5
Q

What is the purpose of nasal cavities?

A

To warms and filter the air

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6
Q

What does the pharynx connect?

A

The nasal and oral cavities to larynx and oesophagus

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7
Q

What prevents choking as oesophagus and trachea is right next to each other?

A

Epiglottis
- stays up when breathing, exposing trachea
- down when eating, covering trachea

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8
Q

What allows the trachea to remain open and withstand pressure changes?

A

Trachea is lined with C-shaped rings of cartilage

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9
Q

What occupies the mediastinum?

A

Heart

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10
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Closed sac of serous membrane containing serous fluid

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11
Q

The position of the pleura?

A

Encloses the lungs

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12
Q

Pleura function:

A

Lubricates the lungs and allows them to expand and deflate without friction

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13
Q

What does the pleura cavity contain?

A

Surfactants

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14
Q

How many divisions are in the lower respiratory tract?

A

2
- conducting zone
- respiratory zone

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15
Q

What is the air like in the conducting zone?

A

Anatomical dead space
From nostrils to start of bronchioles
No alveoli

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16
Q

What are type I alveoli cells?

A

Squamous
90% surface area and allows gas exchange with capillaries

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17
Q

What are type II alveoli cells?

A

Cuboidal
10% of surface area and produces surfactant

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18
Q

What lines the alveolar surface?

A

Macrophages for phagocytosis

19
Q

What protects the lung from infection?

A

Respiratory tract has an epithelial lining with cilia (synchronous wafting that causes coughing as it pushes the dust up) and goblet cells ( mucus secreting cells that traps dust and unwanted particles)

20
Q

Inspiration?

A
  • EIM contract, pushing the rib cage up and out
  • diaphragm flattens
  • thoracic cavity increases so pressure is lower than atmospheric
21
Q

Expiration?

A
  • EIC relaxes and diaphragm returns to domed shape
  • pressure inside the lungs is higher as thoracic cavity is smaller
  • air is expelled
22
Q

What is lung elasticity?

A
  • amount of stretch in the lung
  • it’s ability to return back to its original shape
23
Q

What is lung complicity?

A
  • how easy it is for the lungs to stretch in the first place
24
Q

What is airway resistance?

A

How easy it is for air to move through the airway

25
Q

What is the role of the surfactant?

A

Reduces friction within alveoli and allows for easier expansion

26
Q

Peak expiration flow

A

Maximum speed of air flow during forced expiration

27
Q

Oxygen diffusion pathway

A

Alveolar fluid than membrane and basement membrane
Interstium
Capillary basement membrane
Endothelial membrane
Plasma
RBC membrane

28
Q

How oxygen dissolves

A

O2 enters plasma and dissolves
O2 enters RBC and binds to Hb
Most of O2 is delivered to tissues by Hb
Rest (2%) dissolved in plasma

29
Q

Why is there an increased need for O2 during pregnancy?

A
  • mother, fetus and placenta require O2
  • increased demand for gaseous exchange
    -accommodation for new gas exchange system (placenta)
30
Q

What happens to the nasopharynx during pregnancy?

A
  • increased blood flow cause oedema
  • increased mucus due to increased oestrogen
31
Q

How does progesterone increase air flow?

A

Relaxes smooth muscle of bronchioles, reducing airway resistance

32
Q

Anatomical changes to the thorax during pregnancy:

A
  • diaphragm raises by 4cm to make room for growing uterus
  • thorax cartilage relaxes so transverse diameter increases
    -subcostal angle increases so lungs have more space
33
Q

Closed glottis pushing (vasalva)

A
  • breath holding during the duration of contraction
    -pressure induced by descent of diaphragm encourages descent of fetus
    -compresses fundus
34
Q

Open-glottis pushing (valsalva)

A
  • slow expiration through pursed lips
  • transverse and oblique muscles contract
    -compresses the sides of the uterus encouraging fetal descent
35
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found and what do they measure?

A

Aortic arch
Measures o2 and co2 conc in blood
Relays information back to respiratory centre

36
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found what their function?

A
  • under the surface of the medulla
  • detect high levels of co2
    -sends messages to respiratory centre to increase respiration rate
37
Q

How does progesterone affect the central chemoreceptors during pregnancy?

A
  • increases sensitivity to concentration of co2
  • stimulates over breathing
38
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

Increased progesterone
Allows for co2 diffusion from placenta into maternal bloodstream

39
Q

What happens tidal volume during pregnancy?

A

Increases by approximately 40% /200 ml in the first trimester

40
Q

What happens to pulmonary ventilation ( total air taken in 1 min) during pregnancy?

A

Increases by 40%

41
Q

What happens to residual volume (air left after max expiration) during pregnancy?

A

-decreases

42
Q

What happens to lung vital capacity during pregnancy?

A

Increases by 100-200ml

43
Q

What happens to the respiratory system following birth?

A
  • intra abdominal pressure reduces
    Co2 concentration rise
  • ventilation return to pre-pregnancy state within 1-3 weeks

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (38 decks)

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