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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What happens if there is a mutation in the homeobox?

A

Significant anatomical defects

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2
Q

What do regulatory genes do?

A

Turn genes on/off

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3
Q

Define morphogenesis

A

Shaping of an organism by embryonic processes, including differentiation of cells, tissues and organs

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4
Q

What happens in the first 6 days following fertilisation?

A

1- zygote
2- early cleavage cell
3- morula
4- early blastocyst

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5
Q

What happens to the blastocyst?

A

Cell division is asymmetrical and lose their totipotencu and begin to differentiate

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6
Q

What do blastocysts differentiate into?

A

Inner cell mass= fetus
Outer cell mass= placenta

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7
Q

What is formed in week 2?

A

Embryonic disc

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8
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

Skin
Nervous system

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9
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

Muscle
Skeleton
Kidneys
Reproductive organs

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10
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

Endocrine glands
Lungs
Digestive tract

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11
Q

What happens in week 3?

A

Heart and nervous system begin to form
Neural plate begins to form

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12
Q

What happens in week 4?

A

Folding of the embryo into a C shape
Beating heart present

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13
Q

What forms 25 days post fertilisation?

A

Placenta and umbilical cord

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14
Q

Function of the placenta as a storage compound:

A

Stores glycogen to metabolise into glucose for fetus
Stores iron and fat soluble vitamins

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15
Q

Placenta function as an endocrine:

A

Produces oestrogen and progesterone (steroid)
Produces HCG, HPL, PAPP-A/B

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16
Q

How does the placenta get oestrogen?

A

The fetus causes that

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17
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Growth of uterine muscle
Increases size of nipple and duct development

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18
Q

Where is progesterone made?

A

Placenta
From cholesterol

19
Q

Purpose of progesterone?

A

Relaxes uterine muscle
Regulates storage of body fat

20
Q

Why do levels of progesterone fall after birth?

A

So prolactin can be formed and lactation can occurr

21
Q

What produces HCG?

A

trophoblasts from 7-10 weeks
Forms the basis of pregnancy tests

22
Q

What hormone does HCG stimulate the corpus luteum to make?

A

Progesterone

23
Q

What does HPL do?

A

Mobilises fatty acid from maternal body stores
Increases insulin levels

24
Q

Function of PAPP-A/B

A

A= prevents rejection of fetus from mothers cell mediated response
B= used to check progress of placenta in diabetes/pre-eclampsia

25
Q

Function of placenta with respiration:

A

O2 and CO2 transferred to and from maternal circulation from fetus by diffusion
Mother will experience alkalosis

26
Q

How does the placenta act as a protection:

A

Acts as a filter to most bacteria
Immunoglobulins from mother is passed to fetus during late pregnancy

27
Q

Function of the placenta in excretion:

A

CO2 is the main product excreted
Bilirubin is also excreted

28
Q

Function of the placenta in nutrition

A

Fetus receives the raw materials for growth
( glucose, amino acids, FA)

29
Q

The function of the placenta with the transfer of substances:

A

Simple diffusion of lipid soluble
water pores transfer water soluble
F.D glucose using carriers
A.T when transferring ions

30
Q

Maternal surface of the placenta:

A

Dark red
Divided into cotyledons
Cotyledons contain villi

31
Q

What’s in the cord?

A

AVA
2 arteries and 1 vein

32
Q

What are the names of the two placental membranes?

A

Chorion and amnion

33
Q

Features of the chorion (outer) membrane

A

Rough, thick and fibrous
Produces oxytocin to stimulate uterine activity
Continuous with the edge of placenta

34
Q

Features of Amnion (inner) membrane:

A

Smooth and translucent
Joins onto cord
Contains amniotic fluid

35
Q

What happens in week 8?

A

Fetal circulation is functioning
External genetalia is present with anus
Ossification of bones
All organs are here

36
Q

What happens in week 11?

A

Fetus heart rate can be heard with a Doppler
Has all organs for survival

37
Q

What happens in week 13?

A

Has fully formed limbs
Uterus may pop outside of pelvic cavity

38
Q

Week 20

A

Halfway through
Movements are easy to feel

39
Q

What is the surfactant?

A

Slippery substance that allows the alveoli to inflate and prevents collapse

40
Q

Week 24:

A

Baby should have a regular wake and sleep cycle

41
Q

Week 32:

A

Baby is head down

42
Q

Week 37:

A

Pregnancy is considered term

43
Q

Week 40:

A

Baby is fully term

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (38 decks)

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