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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > GI tract > Flashcards

GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is GI tract.

A

From mouth to anus

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2
Q

Adventitia

A

Outermost layer surrounding the tract

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3
Q

Types of Smooth muscle in tract

A

Longitudinal muscle layer (under adventitia)
Circular muscle layer (under longitudinal muscle layer)

(Under involuntary control)

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4
Q

Plexus

A

Web of nerves
Myenteric plexus (underneath circular Muscle layer)
Submucosal plexus (underneath myenteric plexus)

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5
Q

Submucosa

A

Underneath the submucosal plexus
Contains nerves,blood vessels and collagen

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6
Q

Epithelium

A

Under submucosa
Secretes mucus to reduce friction between food and wall

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7
Q

Function of Lumen

A

Constantly contracting to push food through

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8
Q

Types of contractions

A

Peristalsis- moves forwards
Segmentation- back and forth to break up food
Mass movement- rapid movements forwards

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9
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane sac encasing the abdominal organs to prevent movement and provide structure and prevents organs coming into contact with each other so reduces inflammation due to serous fluid

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10
Q

Goblet cell

A

In the epithelial cells
Secretes mucus for lubrication

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11
Q

Mouth

A

Physical breakdown of food by chewing (mastication)
Anterior roof is hard palate made from bone
Posterior roof is soft due to muscle
Amylase released here by salivary glands

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12
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat
Food goes from mouth to oesophagus via pharynx

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13
Q

Oesophogus

A

Long tube which transport bolus to stomach

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14
Q

Sphincter

A

Thickened rings of circular muscles keeping the tract a one way stystem

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15
Q

Tounge

A

Voluntary muscle
Needed for swallowing (deglutition)
Anchored to mouth by frenulum
Papillae contains taste buds

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16
Q

How many parts is the Salivary glands

A

Three parts

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17
Q

Role of saliva

A

Releases amylase to break down carbs
Lubricates bolus
Contains anti microbial antibodies preventing tooth decay

18
Q

Stomach

A

Produces chyme (bolus and gastric juice)
Physical and chemical breakdown of food
Contains three muscle layers to churn food
Rugae (folds) enable stomach to stretch

19
Q

Gastric juice

A

Unravels proteins
Activates pepsinogens to pepsin
Disinfects stomach contents

20
Q

Duodenum

A

Start of small intestine
Chyme neutralised here
Water enters through gut walls
More digestive enzymes

21
Q

Liver

A

Composed of hepatocytes
Bile produced
Stores glycogen

22
Q

Gallbladder

A

Connected to liver and duodenum
Stores bile

23
Q

Bile

A

Bile salts emulsify fats
Forms micelles
Contains bilirubin

24
Q

Bilirubin

A

In RBC
livers breaks down RBC and processes them
bilirubin gives poop it’s colour and needs to be excreted from body
If not, jaundice

25
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin and glucagon
Contains enzymes for digestion

26
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle section of SI

27
Q

Ileum

A

Last part of SI

28
Q

Jejunum and ileum function

A

Neutralises acidic contents by alkali juice
Final digestion and water and nutrient absorption

29
Q

SI structure

A

Mucous membrane have circular folds (plicae)
Has villa
Villi covered by enterocytes
Enterocytes have microvilli

30
Q

Parts of Large intestine

A

Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal

31
Q

Function of LI

A

Final water absorption
Temporary storage
Defecation

32
Q

Gut microbiome

A

Refers to the bacteria/fungi living in our gut
Prevents other bacteria causing diseases
Plays a big role in health and gut disease
Infants gain these bacteria as they pass through mothers vagina, near her rectum

33
Q

What is in the Anus

A

Two sphincters
Internal is involuntary
External is voluntary (u can clench)

34
Q

Changes in the mouth during pregnancy:

A

-altered smell and taste due to inflammation of the nasal mucosa
- appetite may increase as progesterone is an appetite stimulant
-excess salivation which may taste bitter,causing nausea and vomiting
-oestrogen can cause gums to bleed and become spongey

35
Q

Why do pregnant women experience heartburn?

A

Progesterone relaxes the cardiac sphincter, allowing for acid to reflux

36
Q

What happens to the stomach during pregnancy?

A

-Progesterone reduces muscle tone and mobility
-gastric emptying is delayed

37
Q

Why are women told not to eat before their C-section?

A
  • delay in stomach emptying
    -risk of acid aspiration
38
Q

During pregnancy, what happens to the absorption of iron and calcium?

A

Increases

39
Q

Why can pregnant women get constipation more easily?

A

-Progesterone relaxes smooth muscle
-peristalsis is slowed

40
Q

Why can pregnant women get haemorrhoids easily?

A
  • gravid uterus puts pressure of the rectum and veins causing them to bulge
    -prolonged second stage and instrumental delivery

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (38 decks)

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