GI tract

Question 1

What is GI tract.

Answer 1

From mouth to anus

Question 2

Adventitia

Answer 2

Outermost layer surrounding the tract

Question 3

Types of Smooth muscle in tract

Answer 3

Longitudinal muscle layer (under adventitia)
Circular muscle layer (under longitudinal muscle layer)

(Under involuntary control)

Question 4

Plexus

Answer 4

Web of nerves
Myenteric plexus (underneath circular Muscle layer)
Submucosal plexus (underneath myenteric plexus)

Question 5

Submucosa

Answer 5

Underneath the submucosal plexus
Contains nerves,blood vessels and collagen

Question 6

Epithelium

Answer 6

Under submucosa
Secretes mucus to reduce friction between food and wall

Question 7

Function of Lumen

Answer 7

Constantly contracting to push food through

Question 8

Types of contractions

Answer 8

Peristalsis- moves forwards
Segmentation- back and forth to break up food
Mass movement- rapid movements forwards

Question 9

Peritoneum

Answer 9

Serous membrane sac encasing the abdominal organs to prevent movement and provide structure and prevents organs coming into contact with each other so reduces inflammation due to serous fluid

Question 10

Goblet cell

Answer 10

In the epithelial cells
Secretes mucus for lubrication

Question 11

Mouth

Answer 11

Physical breakdown of food by chewing (mastication)
Anterior roof is hard palate made from bone
Posterior roof is soft due to muscle
Amylase released here by salivary glands

Question 12

Pharynx

Answer 12

Throat
Food goes from mouth to oesophagus via pharynx

Question 13

Oesophogus

Answer 13

Long tube which transport bolus to stomach

Question 14

Sphincter

Answer 14

Thickened rings of circular muscles keeping the tract a one way stystem

Question 15

Tounge

Answer 15

Voluntary muscle
Needed for swallowing (deglutition)
Anchored to mouth by frenulum
Papillae contains taste buds

Question 16

How many parts is the Salivary glands

Answer 16

Three parts

Question 17

Role of saliva

Answer 17

Releases amylase to break down carbs
Lubricates bolus
Contains anti microbial antibodies preventing tooth decay

Question 18

Stomach

Answer 18

Produces chyme (bolus and gastric juice)
Physical and chemical breakdown of food
Contains three muscle layers to churn food
Rugae (folds) enable stomach to stretch

Question 19

Gastric juice

Answer 19

Unravels proteins
Activates pepsinogens to pepsin
Disinfects stomach contents

Question 20

Duodenum

Answer 20

Start of small intestine
Chyme neutralised here
Water enters through gut walls
More digestive enzymes

Question 21

Liver

Answer 21

Composed of hepatocytes
Bile produced
Stores glycogen

Question 22

Gallbladder

Answer 22

Connected to liver and duodenum
Stores bile

Question 23

Bile

Answer 23

Bile salts emulsify fats
Forms micelles
Contains bilirubin

Question 24

Bilirubin

Answer 24

In RBC
livers breaks down RBC and processes them
bilirubin gives poop it’s colour and needs to be excreted from body
If not, jaundice

Question 25

Pancreas

Answer 25

Produces insulin and glucagon Contains enzymes for digestion

Question 26

Jejunum

Answer 26

Middle section of SI

Question 27

Ileum

Answer 27

Last part of SI

Question 28

Jejunum and ileum function

Answer 28

Neutralises acidic contents by alkali juice Final digestion and water and nutrient absorption

Question 29

SI structure

Answer 29

Mucous membrane have circular folds (plicae) Has villa Villi covered by enterocytes Enterocytes have microvilli

Question 30

Parts of Large intestine

Answer 30

Caecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal

Question 31

Function of LI

Answer 31

Final water absorption Temporary storage Defecation

Question 32

Gut microbiome

Answer 32

Refers to the bacteria/fungi living in our gut Prevents other bacteria causing diseases Plays a big role in health and gut disease Infants gain these bacteria as they pass through mothers vagina, near her rectum

Question 33

What is in the Anus

Answer 33

Two sphincters Internal is involuntary External is voluntary (u can clench)

Question 34

Changes in the mouth during pregnancy:

Answer 34

-altered smell and taste due to inflammation of the nasal mucosa - appetite may increase as progesterone is an appetite stimulant -excess salivation which may taste bitter,causing nausea and vomiting -oestrogen can cause gums to bleed and become spongey

Question 35

Why do pregnant women experience heartburn?

Answer 35

Progesterone relaxes the cardiac sphincter, allowing for acid to reflux

Question 36

What happens to the stomach during pregnancy?

Answer 36

-Progesterone reduces muscle tone and mobility -gastric emptying is delayed

Question 37

Why are women told not to eat before their C-section?

Answer 37

- delay in stomach emptying -risk of acid aspiration

Question 38

During pregnancy, what happens to the absorption of iron and calcium?

Answer 38

Increases

Question 39

Why can pregnant women get constipation more easily?

Answer 39

-Progesterone relaxes smooth muscle -peristalsis is slowed

Question 40

Why can pregnant women get haemorrhoids easily?

Answer 40

- gravid uterus puts pressure of the rectum and veins causing them to bulge -prolonged second stage and instrumental delivery