Urinary Systems

Question 1

Endocrine functions of the kidney

Answer 1

1) erythropoietin 2) reni

Question 2

components of the urinary system

Answer 2

1) kidney 2) ureters 3) urinary bladder 4) urethra

Question 3

are kidneys covered in serosa or adventitia

Answer 3

adventitia because it is in a retroperitoneal position

Question 4

the kidneys are surrounded by a capsule made of ____ ___

Answer 4

connective tissue (dense CT)

Question 5

the ureter, renal artery, and veins enter the kidney through the ____

Answer 5

hilum

Question 6

The ureter divides and subdivides into several major and minor ____, around which is located the ___ ____ containing adipose tissue.

Answer 6

The ureter divides and subdivides into several major and minor CALYCES, around which is located the RENAL SINUS containing adipose tissue.

Question 7

Attached to each minor calyx is a renal ____, a conical region of medulla delimited by extensions of cortex. A renal _____ with associated cortex constitutes a renal ___-.

Answer 7

Attached to each minor calyx is a renal PYRAMID, a conical region of medulla delimited by extensions of cortex. A renal PYRAMID with associated cortex constitutes a renal ____

Question 8

outline the blood supply to the kidney (starting from entering the kidney and then flowing out of the kidney)

Answer 8

1) renal artery 2) segmental artery 3) interlobar arteries 4) arcuate arteries 5) INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES 6) afferent arterioles 7) glomeruli 8) EFFERENT ARTERIOLES 9) peritubular capillaries and vasa recta 10) interlobular veins 11) arcuate veins 12) interlobar veins 13) renal vein then out

Question 9

functional unit of the kidney

Answer 9

nephron

Question 10

two components of the renal corpuscle

Answer 10

1) bowman’s capsule
2) glomerulus

Question 11

Components of the nephron

Answer 11

1) renal corpuscle
2) proximal convoluted tubule
3) loop of henle
4) distal convoluted tubule
5) collecting tubule
6) collecting duct (stemming from collecting tubules from several nephrons)

Question 13

What are the juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons? Which one is longer.

Answer 13

Juxtamedullary nephrons have their glomeruli closer to the border between the cortex and the medulla, whereas cortical nephrons have their glomeruli closer to the upper portion of the cortex.

Juxtamedullary nephrons usually have much longer loops than cortical nephrons.

Question 14

2 layers of the bowmans capsule. What are their components?

Answer 14

1) visceral layer: podocytes (cell body) with processes or pedicels
2) parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium, thin layer of reticular fibers. the parietal layer is continous with the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 15

the glomerulus portion of the renal corpuscle is made of ____ with ___ cells located between them

Answer 15

made of capillaries with MESANGIAL cells located between the capillaries.

Question 16

the ____ pole is the site of the renal corpsucle that contains the afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles, where as the tubular pole connects to the ___ ___ ___ What is the white portion between the parietal layer and the glomeruus? What are the big cells standing out in the glomerulus?

Answer 16

the VASCULAR pole is the site of the renal corpsucle that contains the afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles, where as the tubular pole connects to the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE.

white portion= urinary space

large cells = podocytes

Question 17

on a cross section slide, how can you tell the difference between proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

Answer 17

both look nice and cuboidal like, but the distal convoluted tubule has a very empty lumen.

Question 18

How is filtrate produced at the level of the renal corpuscles?

Answer 18

Filtrate is produced in the corpuscle when blood plasma is forced under pressure across the filtration membrane of the glomerular capillary wall and through the filtration slits between the pedicels of podocyte processes.

Question 19

Function of a podocyte

Answer 19

located in the glomerulus as darker dots with a characteristic elongated nucleus. Also has large cytoplasmic major processes known as PEDICELs. the podocytes are involved in the filtration of blood. they contain filtration slits in between the pedecels.

Question 20

Filtration of plasma occurs across ___ ____ of glomerular capillaries and BM and _____ of the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule.

Note: cell bodies of two podocytes and the series of pedicels on the glomerular basement membrane is separated by the filtration slits. On the other side of the membrane is the thin lining of a capillary (C) endothelial cell, with fenestrations. Together these openings allow filtration of liquid from plasma into the urinary space (US) of Bowman’s capsule

Answer 20

Filtration of plasma occurs across fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries and BM and podocytes of the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

Question 22

3 functions of mesangial cells found in the renal corpuscles

Answer 22

1) structural support to the glomerulues
2) phagocytosis of protein components and removal of nitrogenous products
3) secretion of substances needed for defense and repair in the glomulus, such as enzymes.

Question 23

How to tell between DCT and macula densa

Answer 23

the DCT has cells that look a little larger than cells within the wall of the capsule (cuboidal in shape), whereas the macula densa beside it is super densely arranged and look very similar.

Question 25

initial components of filtrate.

Answer 25

filtrate includes:

1) water
2) nitrogenous wastes
3) AAs
4) glucose
5) ions
- filtrate passes to PCT where as the blood leaves the kidney via efferent arteriole.

Question 26

what type of epithelium lines the proximal convoluted tubule? what cell specializations? What ratios of nutrients are reabsorbed from the filtrate and where do they go?

Answer 26

the PCT is lined with simple cuboidal epitheium with microvilli, giving it an irregular luminal border.

absorbs : 60-65% water

85% of NaCl

99% of glucose and amino acids back into the peritubular capillaries.

Question 27

label

Answer 27

renal cortex

P= proximal convoluted tubule

U= urinary space

G= glomerulus

arrow = peritubular capillaries

D= distal convoluted tubule

TP= tubular pole

Question 28

the apical ends of adjacent cuboidal cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are sealed with ___ ___ junctions.

Answer 28

Zonula accludens.

IN this pic, you can also see that the PCT is involved in defense. there are also lysozymes in the cuboidal cell.

Question 29

the loop of henle is primarily located in the ____ portion of the kidney. in the descending portion, it is lined with____ ____epi, and in the ascending portion, it is lined by ____ ___

Answer 29

the loop of henle is primarily located in the MEDULLARY portion of the kidney. in the descending portion, it is lined with SIMPLE SQUAMOUS epi, and in the ascending portion, it is lined by SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPI

in this pic, note the change in epithelium and thickness.

Question 30

Capillaries that run parallel to the loops of henle are called ___ ___. All strucutres are embedded in the ____ made of ___ ___ CT. Label this picture.

Answer 30

capillaries that run parallel to the loops of henle are known as vasa recta capillaries. (peritubular capillaries are associated with PCT, but a little bit below, we have the vasa recta capillary system).

All structures are embedded in interstitium made of LOOSE AREOLAR CT.

thin descending limbs (T)

ascending limbs (A),

vasa recta capillaries (C).

I= interstitial tissue made of LOOSE areolar connective tissue.

Question 31

T/F: the distal convoluted tubule has a microvilli brush boarder just like the PCT

Answer 31

false. there is no brush boarder, but they are stillmade of (smaller) cuboidal epithelial cells. Also shorter than the PCT.

Question 32

3 cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 32

1) macular densa cells of the DCT
2) Juxtaglomerular granular cells of the afferent arteriole
3) extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)

Question 33

role of macula densa cells of the JGA. SHape?

Answer 33

stimulates the secretion of renin, which controls the blood pressure at the level of the kidneys.. low columnar in shape. macula densa cells are associated with the distal convoluted tubule

Question 34

role of juxtaglomerular granular cells. shape?

Answer 34

they SECRETE renin. They look like smooth muscle because they are modified smooth muscle cells with a changed function from contractile to secretory (endocrine bc renin is a hormone)

JGcells are associated with the afferent arteriole

Question 35

FUnction of extraglomerular mesangial cells. other name for them?

Answer 35

aka Lacis cells. helps regulate the blood flow in the area of the JGA bc its located at the vascular pole, keeps the rate of glomerular filtration relatively constant.

Question 36

Answer 36

should say juxtaglomerular GRANULAR cell

Question 37

Label

Answer 37

juxtaglomerular apparatus.

D= distal convoluted tubule

MC= macula densa of the DCT

AA= afferent arteriole

JG= juxtaglomerular granular cells of the afferent arteriole

L= lacis cells

EA= efferent arteriole.

US= urinary space.

Question 38

collecting tubeules are lined with ___ __ epi, and collectind ducts are lined with ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___ epithelium.

Answer 38

ollecting tubeules are lined with SIMPLE CUBOIDAL epi, and collectind ducts are lined with SIMPLE CUBOIDAL and SIMPLE, LOW COLUMNAR epithelium.

Question 39

collecting ducts open into ___ ____, which become ____, then go into the ___ ___, and then the ureters. All these structures are lined with ___ epithelium

Answer 39

collecting ducts open into MINOR CALYCES, which become MAJOR, then go into the RENAL PELVIS, and then the ureters. All these structures are lined with TRANSITIONAL epithelium

Question 40

purpose of collecting ducts

Answer 40

Collecting ducts adjust the ionic composition of urine in their lumens and allow increased water reabsorption from this urine when fluid levels in the body are low.

Question 41

What are these? What epithelium is it composed of?

Answer 41

these are collecting ducts. they are lined with cuboidal epi. the further you go down, they become increasinly columnar along the ducts.

Question 42

calyces, renal pelcis and ereters are lined with ____ epithelium

Answer 42

transitional epithelium

Question 43

differences between the muscularis externa in the upper and lower portions of the ureter.

Answer 43

upper part: 2 layers, inner long, outer circ

this is different. in the digestice system, the longitudinal and circular layers were reversed.

lower part: 3 layers, long circ long.

Question 44

why we do we have three muscle bands in the distal part of the ureter?

Answer 44

because it enters the urinary bladder that also has three layers of muscle (long circ long), there is a transition in the distal portion of the ureter.

Question 45

is the ureter covered by serosa or adventitia?

Answer 45

adventitia. this organ is retroperitoneal

Question 46

Epithelium of the urinary bladder. How many layers of muscle in the musclaris externa? Is it covered with serosa or adventitia?

Answer 46

urinary bladder is made of transitional epithelium. covered with serosa because it is wihtin the abdominal cavity below the diaphragm. has 3 layers of ME: long, circ and long.

Question 47

outline the epithelium changes of the urethra in males.

Answer 47

change in epithelium from transitional (at root of penis) to stratified columnar or pseudostratified columnar to wet stratified squamous in male (tip of penis)

Question 48

epithelium of female urethra

Answer 48

stratidied squamous non keratinized epithelium. no changes in epithelium, no columnar epithelium.

Question 49

male or female urethra

Answer 49

female

Question 50

male or female urethra

Answer 50

male

Question 51

male or female urethra

Answer 51

male