Respiration Flashcards
in the trachea, below the mucosa and submucosa, there is a
ring of cartilage.
what type of epithelium lines the mucosal layer facing the lumen in the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheliu,.
____(type) glands are often found above the perichondrum
mucous (often has serous demilunes)
what are the conducting portions of the respiratory system? the respiratory portions?
a conducting portion – nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (4 types), bronchioles and terminal bronchioles a respiratory portion – respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
4 types of bronchi
All parts are histologically differnet. 4 types of bronchi. 1) primary 2) secondary 3) Tertiary bronchi 4) Smaller/ terminal bronchioles
the conducting portion of the system ____ air, and the respiratory portion is involved in ___ ____.
Channels air, but the respiratory portion is involved in gas exchange.
the larynx is made primarily of ____ cartilage, except the epiglottis, which is made of ___
, all hyaline cartilages except for epiglottis, which is made for elastic hyaline cartliage.
the vocal chords are made of ___ ___ ___ ___
dense elastic fibrous tissue.
which types of cartilages are “sex linked”
thyroid and cricoid cardilage portions are larger in men.
label
larynx
which hormone influences the cartilage growth in larynx?
Growth of cartilage is influenced by testosterone. Allows for adams apple to grow. Vocal chords are attached to the thyroid cartilage and thus deepens as the adams apple grows.
the trachea extends from the ___ to where it divides to ___ bronchii
larynx to primary bronchii
three layers of trachea
1) mucosa
2) submucosa + cartilage rings
3) adventitia
2 components of mucosa of trachea
1) epithelium of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2) lamina propria of loose areolar CT
2 components of submucosa of trachea
1) mucous glands with serous demilunes
2) hyaline cartilage (c shaped)
hyaline cartilage in the respiratory system is C shaped with gaps. the gap is bridgedby ___ muscle
trachea muscle.
function of the hyaline cartilage in hte trachea
ucartilage supports wall and prevents collapse of airway
the adventitia of the trachea consists of:
loose connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves
Label
Probs trachea
E= epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)
CT= Connective tissue in lamina propria
G= seromucous glands in submucosa
P= perichondrium
C= hyaline cartilage.
what is this?
probs trachea.
mucosa with epithelium and lamina propria; submucosa with sero-mucus glands andfibrous tissue of perichondrium
Fibrous tissue at the end of the slide, part of submucosa. its the perichondrium. cartilage not shown.
the trachea divides to form 2 ___ ___. these divide to form ___ ___> What is the dispersion?
these bronchi divide to form ___ __, which divide to __ __.
2 primary bronchi. they form secondary bronchi (3 on right, 2 on left)
Secondary divide to form tertiary bronchi which divide to smaller bronchi
difference in cartilage structure between primary and secondary bronchii.
- Primary bronchi have rings of cartilage in submucosa
- Secondary and tertiary bronchi have plates of cartilage (visible) in submucosa
do tertiary and smaller bronchii have cartilage?
yes, but just very small plates.
Comment on goblet cell amount in smaller bronchi. What kind of epithelium do they have? What tissues make up the lamina propria beyond the secondary bronchii?
smaller bronchi have:
- fewer goblet cells
- lamina propria made of smooth muscle rather than loose areolar connective tissue like it is higher up.
epithelium is simple columnar epithlium: usually ciliated.
What is this?
must be either tertiary or smaller bronchi. It has PLATES of cartilage, not a ring, so it cannot be primary or secondary. Cartilage is too big to be smaller bronchus. There is still a substantial amount of aartilage on this slide. There is also smooth muscle in LAMINA PROPRIA prior to cartilage. . Means that there is a tertirary bronchu, because secondary bronchus has no smooth muscle. The white dots on this cross section is alveoli, not fat.
Describe these photos
Bronchial wall. A) A higher power view of tertiary bronchus shows the epithelium (E) of mainly pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells with a few goblet cells. The lamina propria (LP) contains the distinct layer of smooth muscle (SM). The submucosa is the site of the supporting cartilage (C) and the adventitia includes blood vessels (V) and nerves (N). Lung tissue (LT) directly surrounds the adventitia of bronchi.
(b): This micrograph shows smaller bronchus, in which the epithelium is primarily of columnar cells with cilia (arrows), with fewer goblet cells. The lamina propria has both smooth muscle (SM) and small serous glands (G) near cartilage (C).
3 types of bronchioles
1) bronchioles
2) terminal bronchioles
3) respiratory bronchioles.
2 cell types of the mucosa in bronchioles
1) low columnar/cuboidal epithelium with ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Epithelium is characteristic. No distint columns. These cells are either ciliated or non cilated. They are kind of changing, one cell is ciliated, one is not
2) Clara cells: dome shaped granules. NOT ciliated
purpose of clara cells in the bronchioles
There is no cartilage in bronchioles. Clara cells help keep the pathways open. Thye produce surfactant and reduce surface tension. Clara cells are also in volved in phagocytosis and produce enzymes that fight any type of chemical deris from the lung. Also produces lyozime. Fights bacterial and fungal infections
T/F bronchioles have glands in their walls.
false. Smooth muscle and elastic fibers make up majority of wall, no cartilage or glands in bronchioles.
Even though there are no formal glands in the bronchiole, what is considered the exocrine bronchiolar cell found in the bronchiole mucosa?
clara cells.
Bronchioles. (a): A large bronchiole has the characteristically folded respiratory LOW COLUMNAR AND CUBOIDAL epithelium (E) and prominent smooth muscle (arrows), but is supported only by fibrous connective tissue (C) with no glands.
(b) : Staining for elastic fibers reveals the high elastic content (arrowhead) associated with the muscle of a smaller bronchiole (B).
(c) In very small bronchioles the epithelium (E) is reduced to simple low columnar and the several layers of smooth muscle cells (arrows) comprise a high proportion of the wall.
Terminal bronchioles branch to give rise to ___ ___ , which have some single alveoli in walls
nTerminal bronchioles branch to give rise to respiratory bronchioles, which have some single alveoli in walls
Discuss
a) Cross—section shows that a terminal bronchiole has only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells. The epithelium contains ciliated cuboidal cells and many low columnar nonciliated cells.
b) The nonciliated Clara cells with bulging domes of apical cytoplasm contain granules.
respiratory bronchioles have ___ epithelium. Ciliated or noncilated? What types of ducts do they lead to?
Respiratory bronchioles have CUBOIDAL epithelium, NON ciliated and ciliated. they lead to alveolar ducts which terminate in sacs of alveoli
Label
Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, and alveoli. Note that respiratory bronchioles are similar in most respects to terminal bronchioles except for the presence of scattered alveoli along their length.
three types of alveoli cells
1) type I neumocytes
2) type two pneumocytes
3) alveolar macrophages.
what kind of cells are type 1 cells? Function? What kind of junctions do they have?
they are thin squamous epithlial cells. site of gas exchange. They have occludinf junctions and desmosomes.
What kind of cells are type II cells? function?
they are CUBOIDAL cells with granules, same function as CLARA cells (surfactant).
alveolar macrophages are derived from ____
monocytes
Label. What part of the respiratory system is this?
Alveolar walls. As seen here the capillaries (C) contain erythrocytes. The alveoli are lined mainly by squamous type I alveolar cells (I). Type II alveolar cells line a bit of each alveolus and are large rounded cells, often bulging into the alveolus (II). Also present are alveolar macrophages (M), which may be in the alveoli or in the interalveolar septa.
alveoli are surrounded by capillaries to created a ___-___ membranous barrier. What cells create this barrier?
blood-air membranous barrier. comprimsed of type 1 pneumocytes, endothelial cells of capillaries, and the basement membrane of type I pneumocytes and basement membrane of endothelium (both fused together)
label the pointer slides.
