Lab Manual: Respiration Flashcards
Components of the upper respiratory tract
nasal cavitty, pharynx, larynx
components of the lower respiratory tract
1) trachea 2) bronchial tree 3) lungs
each lung is divided into ___
lobes. three in the right lung, two in the left lung.
the lung’s surface is covered with serous membrane called ___ ___
visceral pleura
the vestible of the nasal cavity (essentially the nostril) is lined with __ ___ epithelium and thick hairs known as ____
lined with stratified squamous epithelium and thick hairs called vibrissae
majority of the nasal cavity is lined with ___ ___ ___ __ (respiratory epithelium), containing ___ cells.
majority of the nasal cavity is lined with PSCC (respiratory epithelium), containing Gobletcells.
which glands are located in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity? purpose?
the lamina propria contains serous and mucous glands. This secreted mucous maintains a moist environment that humidifies air. it also traps inhaled particles and microorganisms which the cilia sweep to the pharynx, where they are swallowed.
Olfactory epithelium covers portions of the upper nasal cavity and superior conchae. 3 types of cells that compose the olfactory epithelrium and function
1) bipolar neuron olfactory receptors 2) sustentacular support cells –> located higher on the epithellium 3) basal cells –> stem cells that divide to replace olfactory cells and sustentacular cells.
glands present in the lamina propria underneath the olfactory epithelium
Bowman’s glands. produces a watery secretion that dissolves chemicals and makes them more able to bind to the receptors.
the larynx is positioned between the __ and the ___
pharynx and the trachea
predominant cartilage in the larynx
hyaline
larynx is lined with __ __ ___ epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi
where is the epiglottis located? purpose? what is lined with
epiglottis is located on the anterior portion of the larynx. covered with stratified squamous epithelium. closes the opening of the larynx to prevent food from going down the respiratory tract.
in the larynx, there are two mucosal folds lined with __ __ epithelium. What are these two folds?
lined wih stratified squamous epithelium. 1) vestibular FALSE vocal cords 2) true vocal chords (below false chords).
between the two true vocal chors, there is the
glottis.
the pockets formed between the true and false cords on each side are the __ ___
laryngeal ventricles
within each true vocal fold is a vocal ___ and a vocal ____, which runs from the thyroid cartilage to one _____ cartilage.
within each true vocal fold is a vocal LIGAMENT and a vocal MUSCLE, which runs from the thyroid cartilage to one ARYTENOID cartilage.
the ___ cavity leads to the trachea from the larynx
infraglottic cavity
the trachea is composed on C rings of hyaline cartilage. What connects the cartilage pieces? What spans the ends of the C shaped cartilage rings?
fibroelastic connective tissue fills in between the cartilages to provide flexibility. Trachealis muscle spans the ends of the C shaped rings, it can regulate and stabilize tracheal diameter and stabilize it.
4 layers of trachea
1) mucosa (epi and lamina propria) 2) submucosa 3) cartilaginous layer(OR FIBROMUSCULAR if not at the portion of cartilage) 4) adventitia.
what epithelium lines the trachea
PSCC with goblet cells
predominant tissue in the lamina propria of the trachea
loose areolar connective tissue. may contain lymphatic tissue.
what type of glands are located in the submucosa of the trachea? what do they secrete?
seromucous glands are found in the submucosa. They produce a glyco-protein rich secretion.
the trachea branches into two ___ bronchi. these bronchi then divide to form ____ bronchi. How many of these bronchi are in each lung?
the trachea branches into two PRIMARY bronchi. these bronchi then divide to form SECONDARY bronchi. there are 3 secondary bronchi supplying the right lung and two supplying the left lung.
outline the bronchi branching process after tertirary bronchi
1) tertiary bronchi 2) bronchioles 3) terminal bronchioles 4) respiratory bronchioles 5) alveolar ducts 6) alveolar sacs
T/F: as you move down the respiratory tract, more goblet cells are present
false. the further down you go in the bronchial tree, the number of glands and goblet cells decreases.
differentiating between bronchi and bronchioles
bronchioles have no cartilage.
What portion of the respiratory tract would you find clara cells
bronchioles.
___ cells constitute the majority of epithelial cells in the bronchioles
CLARA. they are domed shaped, have secretory granules, and do not have cilia.
purpose of clara cells.
produces surfactant to reduce the surface tension in the alveoli. they also produce lysozymes.
T/F there are glands in bronchioles
false.
Majority of the walls of the bronchioles are composed of ___ __
smooth muscle.
epitherlium of terminal bronchioles
simple ciliated cuboidal with non ciliated clara cells.
type of epithelium of respiratory bronchioles
cuboidal epithelial cells with NO CILIA. There are more and more alveoli seen.
at the end of the alveolar duct are the ___ __, which shares a common opening into the duct.
at the end of the alveolar duct are the ALVEOLAR SACS, which shares a common opening into the duct.
3 types of cells found in the alveoli
1) type 1 pneumocytes 2) type 2 pneumocytes 3) alveolar macrophages.
type 1 pneumocytes are ___ cells, type 2 pneumocytes are ___- cells
type 1 = squamous type 2= simple cuboidal
purpose of type 2 pneumocytes
they secrete surfactant that reduces surface tension. kind of takes over the function of clara cells.
the blood-air barrier is composed of the ___ ___ ____ and ___ ___, plus fused basal laminae
composed of TYPE-1-PNEUMOCYTES and CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM, plus their fused basal laminae.
the outer surface of the lungs is covered with a serous membrane known as the ___ ___. what type of cell does it consist of?
known as visceral pleura. consists of simple squamous mesothelium
label
pleura
label
Nasal epithelium.
type of cartilage seen in the epiglottis
elastic cartilage
What types of glands are found on the epiglottis? What kind of epithelium lines it?
lined with stratified squamous epithelium. contains mixed mucous and serous glands.
label. Epithelium covering TC?
frontal section of larynx
FC= false cord
V=ventricle
TC= true cord –> The true vocal cords are covered by a metaplastic STRATIFIED squamous epithelium and lack subepithelial seromucinous glands.
CR= crichoid cartilage
E= epiglottis.
label
this is most likely the mucosa of ___
trachea. note ciliated PSCC and goblet cells
tissue joining the two ends of the C shaped cartilage in the trachea
trachealis smooth muscle
Label
respiratory bronchiole. contains simple cuboidal epithelium and a small amount of smooth muscle. Later fuses into an alcolar duct
