Lab Manual: Respiration

Question 1

Components of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

nasal cavitty, pharynx, larynx

Question 2

components of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 2

1) trachea 2) bronchial tree 3) lungs

Question 3

each lung is divided into ___

Answer 3

lobes. three in the right lung, two in the left lung.

Question 4

the lung’s surface is covered with serous membrane called ___ ___

Answer 4

visceral pleura

Question 5

the vestible of the nasal cavity (essentially the nostril) is lined with __ ___ epithelium and thick hairs known as ____

Answer 5

lined with stratified squamous epithelium and thick hairs called vibrissae

Question 6

majority of the nasal cavity is lined with ___ ___ ___ __ (respiratory epithelium), containing ___ cells.

Answer 6

majority of the nasal cavity is lined with PSCC (respiratory epithelium), containing Gobletcells.

Question 7

which glands are located in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity? purpose?

Answer 7

the lamina propria contains serous and mucous glands. This secreted mucous maintains a moist environment that humidifies air. it also traps inhaled particles and microorganisms which the cilia sweep to the pharynx, where they are swallowed.

Question 8

Olfactory epithelium covers portions of the upper nasal cavity and superior conchae. 3 types of cells that compose the olfactory epithelrium and function

Answer 8

1) bipolar neuron olfactory receptors 2) sustentacular support cells –> located higher on the epithellium 3) basal cells –> stem cells that divide to replace olfactory cells and sustentacular cells.

Question 9

glands present in the lamina propria underneath the olfactory epithelium

Answer 9

Bowman’s glands. produces a watery secretion that dissolves chemicals and makes them more able to bind to the receptors.

Question 10

the larynx is positioned between the __ and the ___

Answer 10

pharynx and the trachea

Question 11

predominant cartilage in the larynx

Answer 11

hyaline

Question 12

larynx is lined with __ __ ___ epithelium

Answer 12

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi

Question 13

where is the epiglottis located? purpose? what is lined with

Answer 13

epiglottis is located on the anterior portion of the larynx. covered with stratified squamous epithelium. closes the opening of the larynx to prevent food from going down the respiratory tract.

Question 14

in the larynx, there are two mucosal folds lined with __ __ epithelium. What are these two folds?

Answer 14

lined wih stratified squamous epithelium. 1) vestibular FALSE vocal cords 2) true vocal chords (below false chords).

Question 15

between the two true vocal chors, there is the

Answer 15

glottis.

Question 16

the pockets formed between the true and false cords on each side are the __ ___

Answer 16

laryngeal ventricles

Question 17

within each true vocal fold is a vocal ___ and a vocal ____, which runs from the thyroid cartilage to one _____ cartilage.

Answer 17

within each true vocal fold is a vocal LIGAMENT and a vocal MUSCLE, which runs from the thyroid cartilage to one ARYTENOID cartilage.

Question 18

the ___ cavity leads to the trachea from the larynx

Answer 18

infraglottic cavity

Question 19

the trachea is composed on C rings of hyaline cartilage. What connects the cartilage pieces? What spans the ends of the C shaped cartilage rings?

Answer 19

fibroelastic connective tissue fills in between the cartilages to provide flexibility. Trachealis muscle spans the ends of the C shaped rings, it can regulate and stabilize tracheal diameter and stabilize it.

Question 20

4 layers of trachea

Answer 20

1) mucosa (epi and lamina propria) 2) submucosa 3) cartilaginous layer(OR FIBROMUSCULAR if not at the portion of cartilage) 4) adventitia.

Question 21

what epithelium lines the trachea

Answer 21

PSCC with goblet cells

Question 22

predominant tissue in the lamina propria of the trachea

Answer 22

loose areolar connective tissue. may contain lymphatic tissue.

Question 23

what type of glands are located in the submucosa of the trachea? what do they secrete?

Answer 23

seromucous glands are found in the submucosa. They produce a glyco-protein rich secretion.

Question 24

the trachea branches into two ___ bronchi. these bronchi then divide to form ____ bronchi. How many of these bronchi are in each lung?

Answer 24

the trachea branches into two PRIMARY bronchi. these bronchi then divide to form SECONDARY bronchi. there are 3 secondary bronchi supplying the right lung and two supplying the left lung.

Question 25

outline the bronchi branching process after tertirary bronchi

Answer 25

1) tertiary bronchi 2) bronchioles 3) terminal bronchioles 4) respiratory bronchioles 5) alveolar ducts 6) alveolar sacs

Question 26

T/F: as you move down the respiratory tract, more goblet cells are present

Answer 26

false. the further down you go in the bronchial tree, the number of glands and goblet cells decreases.

Question 27

differentiating between bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 27

bronchioles have no cartilage.

Question 28

What portion of the respiratory tract would you find clara cells

Answer 28

bronchioles.

Question 29

___ cells constitute the majority of epithelial cells in the bronchioles

Answer 29

CLARA. they are domed shaped, have secretory granules, and do not have cilia.

Question 30

purpose of clara cells.

Answer 30

produces surfactant to reduce the surface tension in the alveoli. they also produce lysozymes.

Question 31

T/F there are glands in bronchioles

Answer 31

false.

Question 32

Majority of the walls of the bronchioles are composed of ___ __

Answer 32

smooth muscle.

Question 33

epitherlium of terminal bronchioles

Answer 33

simple ciliated cuboidal with non ciliated clara cells.

Question 34

type of epithelium of respiratory bronchioles

Answer 34

cuboidal epithelial cells with NO CILIA. There are more and more alveoli seen.

Question 35

at the end of the alveolar duct are the ___ __, which shares a common opening into the duct.

Answer 35

at the end of the alveolar duct are the ALVEOLAR SACS, which shares a common opening into the duct.

Question 36

3 types of cells found in the alveoli

Answer 36

1) type 1 pneumocytes 2) type 2 pneumocytes 3) alveolar macrophages.

Question 37

type 1 pneumocytes are ___ cells, type 2 pneumocytes are ___- cells

Answer 37

type 1 = squamous type 2= simple cuboidal

Question 38

purpose of type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 38

they secrete surfactant that reduces surface tension. kind of takes over the function of clara cells.

Question 39

the blood-air barrier is composed of the ___ ___ ____ and ___ ___, plus fused basal laminae

Answer 39

composed of TYPE-1-PNEUMOCYTES and CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM, plus their fused basal laminae.

Question 40

the outer surface of the lungs is covered with a serous membrane known as the ___ ___. what type of cell does it consist of?

Answer 40

known as visceral pleura. consists of simple squamous mesothelium

Question 41

label

Answer 41

pleura

Question 42

label

Answer 42

Nasal epithelium.

Question 43

type of cartilage seen in the epiglottis

Answer 43

elastic cartilage

Question 44

What types of glands are found on the epiglottis? What kind of epithelium lines it?

Answer 44

lined with stratified squamous epithelium. contains mixed mucous and serous glands.

Question 45

label. Epithelium covering TC?

Answer 45

frontal section of larynx

FC= false cord

V=ventricle

TC= true cord –> The true vocal cords are covered by a metaplastic STRATIFIED squamous epithelium and lack subepithelial seromucinous glands.

CR= crichoid cartilage

E= epiglottis.

Question 46

label

Answer 46

Question 47

this is most likely the mucosa of ___

Answer 47

trachea. note ciliated PSCC and goblet cells

Question 48

tissue joining the two ends of the C shaped cartilage in the trachea

Answer 48

trachealis smooth muscle

Question 49

Label

Answer 49

respiratory bronchiole. contains simple cuboidal epithelium and a small amount of smooth muscle. Later fuses into an alcolar duct