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BIOL-3202 > CIRCULATION > Flashcards

CIRCULATION Flashcards

1
Q

2 circuits of circulation

A

1) pulmonary circuit ((RV-pulmonary trunk- 2 pulmonary arteries (left and right) -lungs-pulmonary veins-LA) –> essentially for deoxy blood to lungs and oxy blood to heart from lungs) 2) systemic circuit LV-aorta-arteries-arterioles-capillaries (TISSUES)-venules-veins-superior/inferior vena cava-RA

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2
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A

1) endocardium 2) myocardium 3) epicardium

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3
Q

the endocardium contains ____ and _____ layers. What specialized cells make up the second layer?

A

contains endothelium and SUBENDOCARDIAL lyaer. the Purkinje fibers are located in the subendocardial layer.

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4
Q

the endocardium lining is known as ____. What kind of epithelium?

A

endithelium. simple squamous epithelum

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5
Q

the subendocardial layer of the endocardium is made of ____ connective tissue. also houses the ___ cells

A

AREOLAR Ct. also has purkinje cells.

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6
Q

true “cardiac muscle”

A

myocardium

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7
Q

the epicardium is on the ___ of the heart and covered with a thin layer of ____. What connective tissues are involved with epicardial layer?

A

on the OUTSIDE. covered with MESOTHELIUM. there is fibrous connective tissue and adipose connective tissue.

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8
Q

which layer of the heart wall forms the valves?

A

ENDOCARDIUM forms tricuspid and bicuspid valves.

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9
Q

The conduction system consists of modified muscle cells. Outline the spread of conduction

A

1) sa node 2) av node 3) AV bundle of HIS 4) bundle of HIS branches 5) purkinje fibers.

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10
Q

T/F purkinje cells contract

A

false. they are found in the endocardial region of the heart and INDUCES contraction.

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11
Q

Label

A

En= endocardial layer (lined with endothelium simple squamous epithelium)

P= purkinje fibers

SEn=subendocardial layer

M= myocardium (contractile fibers)

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

what is the arrow pointing to?

A

Purkinje fibers. no striations or intercalated disk. underneath endocardium in the subendocardial layer.

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14
Q

3 layers of a blood vessel

A

1) tunica intima
2) tunica media
3) tunica externa/adventisia.

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15
Q

what is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall? What is it comprised of?

A

tunica intima

–Consists of flattened endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane, some LOOSE CT (AREOLAR) might be present (subendothelial layer)

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16
Q

in major arteries, there is an internal elastic lamina made of elastic fiberes between the:

A

T. intima and T. media

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17
Q

the tunica media is the intermediate layer of a blood vessel made of ___ muscle, and ___ and ___ fibers. In major arteries, there is an external elastic lamina between the T. ___ and the T. ____.

A

the tunica media is the intermediate layer of a blood vessel made of SMOOTH muscle, and ELASTIC and COLLAGEN fibers. In major arteries, there is an external elastic lamina between the T. MEDIA and the T. ADVENTITIA.

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18
Q

The tunica adventitia of a blood vessel consists mainly of ___ CT.

A

Loose. –might have other stuff connected to loose CT. May see thicker fibers, or a lot of fatty tissue.

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19
Q

Does an artery or vein have a thicker tunica media?

A

artery

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20
Q

what special adaptation does the tunica intima have in veins?

A

forms the valves

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21
Q

T/F: capillaries have all three layers of a blood vessel wall

A

false. they only have an endothelium. There is no subendothelial layer or other tunics. Allows for diffusion.

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22
Q

do arteries or veins have bigger lumens

A

veins have larger lumens.

23
Q

do veins or arteries have a thicker adventisia?

A

veins. they are thinner in arteries.

24
Q

T/F: Veins also have an elastic lamina

A

true. arteries have both an internal and external lamina but veins only have an external elastic lamina.

25
Q

arteries, veins, and nerves typically travel together to form a ____ ____

A

neurovascular bundle.

26
Q

as arteries get smaller, the proportion of elastic tissue ____ and the smooth muscle ____

A

as arteries get smaller, the proportion of elastic tissue DECREASES and the smooth muscle INCREASES (relative to the walls thickness)

27
Q

Which one is an artery? which one is a vein?

A

Left= aorta. large tunica media

Right= vein (vena cava)

Simple squamous endothelial cells (arrows) line the tunica intima (I) which has subendothelial loose connective tissue and is separated from the tunica media by the internal elastic lamina (IEL).

28
Q

what is a vasa vasorum?

A

Vasa vasorum: is a network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries (e.g. aorta) and large veins (e.g. venae cavae).

Nervi vasorum is the same thing but for nervous tissue.

29
Q

3 types of arteries

A

1) elastic: large arteries (aorta, pulmonary artery)
2) muscular (main branches or arterial tree ex/ femoral, coronary)
3) arterioles:–terminal branches of arterial tree which supply capillary beds

30
Q

_____ blood vessels deliver blood into the heart itself

A

coronary

31
Q

the T.Media in the elastic arteries is very wide and consists of:

A

–sheets of elastic lamellae, collagen and some smooth muscle. THERE IS NO OBVIOUS EXTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINAE

32
Q

What kind of blood vessel is this?

A

elastic artery

33
Q

In an elastic artery, the tunica media is dominated by elastic tissue in the form of ___ ___ (Lamellae), which alternate with ___ ____ .

A

In an elastic artery, the tunica media is dominated by elastic tissue in the form of FENESTRATED MEMBRANES (Lamellae), which alternate with SMOOTH MUSCLE .

34
Q

what type of blood vessel is this?

A

elastic artery (aorta). note that the tunica media is large and contains a big amount of elastic fibers in confjuction with smooth muscle.

35
Q

Difference between muscular and elastic arteries.

A

elastic arteries (most major arteries) have a larger tunica media that contain fenestrated elastic lamellae. The T. media of muscular arteries consists mainly of thick layers of smooth muscle and not as much elastic fibers. The muscular arteries actually have a MORE DEFINED external and internal elastic lamellae around the T.media.

36
Q

what kind of blood vessel is this?

A

muscular arteries. note the prominent elastic lameallae (external and internal), but not as many elastic fibers in the t.media compared to elastic arteries.

37
Q

T/F arterioles have elastic lamellae.

A

they do not hve an obvious elastic lamellae. –Tunica. media is 5-6 layers of smooth muscle and T. adventitia is about same thickness as media (in larger ones)

38
Q

what type of blood vessel is this?

A

arteriole. note the lack of elastic lamellae (even veins have an external elastic lamellae). they are also much smaller than elastic/muscular arteries.

39
Q

Characteristic feature of an arteriole.

A

Thickness of Tunica advenetitia is the same thickness as tunica mediaà characteristic feature of an arteriole.

40
Q

The final arteriole before the capillary bed is the ___. blood flow into the capillary bed is regulated by ___ sphincters, made of smooth muscle fibers around the ___.

A

The final arteriole before the capillary bed is the METAARTERIOLE. blood flow into the capillary bed is regulated by PRECAPILLARY sphincters, made of smooth muscle fibers around the metaareriole.

41
Q

Capillaries consist only of _____ on a thin basement membrane plus cells called ____ for structural support.

A

Capillaries consist only of ENDOTHELIUM on a thin basement membrane plus cells called PERICYTES for structural support.

42
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

1) continuous
2) fenestrated
3) sinusoids

43
Q

where could you find continous capillaries? what kind of junctions do they have?

A

–Found in lungs, muscles, connective tissues, exocrine glands, and CNS. They have a complete endothelial lining.

  • have tight occluding junctions.
44
Q

Where would you find fenestrrated capillaries? Difference between fenestrated and continuous capillaries?

A

–Found in renal glomeruli, endocrine glands, and intestines.

–Are more permeable than continuous capillaries which allows for greater exchange between blood and tissues

–Have openings (fenestrae) generally covered by a thin membrane called the diaphragm

45
Q

Where would you find sinusoid capillaries? Do they have pericytes?

A

–Found in liver, spleen, bone marrow

–Larger in diameter

–Large fenestrae without daphragms. Fenestrae in sinusoids are a lot larger than the fenestrae in the sinusoids. Very common in any type of hemopoetic tissue.

–Gaps between cells and between BM

–No pericytes

46
Q

Pressure in the veins is ___ than in arteries

A

LESS

47
Q

Compared to an artery of comparable size, the lumen is___ and the wall of the vein is ___

A

Compared to an artery of comparable size, the lumen is larger and the wall of the vein is thinner

48
Q

In veins, is the T.adventitia larger than the T.media? Why does the vein look more collapsed?

A

yes. Wall has less muscle and elastic tissue and more CT. The vein looks collapsed, there is nothing to keep it open because it has a evry thin wall, not elastic fibers, and a lot of advnetitia (looser areolar connective tissue and fatty tissue) exerting pressure.

49
Q

smallest veins

A

venules

50
Q

in medium veins, their tunica intima is composed of ____ and ___ ____. There is NO INTERNAL ELASTIC MEMBRANE. What does the t.media consist of? Which layer forms the valves?

A

composed of endothelium and SUBENDOTHELIAL TISSUE but there is no internal elastic membrane. the tunica media consists of SMOOTH MUSCLE, and the tunica externais made of COLLEGEN AND ELASTIC FIBERS. Valves of the medium veins are formed by pockets of tunica interna.

51
Q

what is the thickest layer of of the walls of large veins? Which layer is absent?

A

the tunica externa is the thickest layer and is composed of elastic and collagen fibers. the tunica media is generally ABSENT.

52
Q

NOTE:

VEINS Lack both internal and external elastic laminae (except for the v. cavae – have internal elastic lamina)

A
53
Q

Label. What is the arrow pointing to in picture b?

A

V= vein

A= artery

Ad= adventitia

MA= medium artery

MV= medium vein(looks super collapsed because adventitia is larger than media)

Arrows pointing to the valves of a vein made by the tunica interna

BIOL-3202 (41 decks)

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