Connective Tissue 1

Question 1

4 general functions of connective tissues

Answer 1

1) physical support
2) bind tissues together
3) allows for exchange of materials between blood and tissues

Question 2

2 major components of connective tissue

Answer 2

1) cells

2) ECM

Question 3

components of ECM

Answer 3

1) fibers (collagen, elastin or reticular)

2) ground substance

Question 4

all adult connective tissue is derived from _____, which is derived from embryonic ____

Answer 4

all adult connective tissue is derived from MESENCHYME, which is derived from embryonic MESODERM

Question 5

ground substance is a suspension of:

Answer 5

1) proteoglycans (core protein and GAG)

2) adhesive glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin, integrins)

Question 6

explain the structure of proteoglycan

Answer 6

proteoglycans have a protein core with disaccharide GAG units branching from it. looksl like a test tube brush.

Question 7

purpose of adhesive glycoproteins in ground substance.

Answer 7

to connect cells, fibers and ground substance of CT together .

Question 8

adhesive glycoproteins like laminin often have this general structure:

Answer 8

a globular protein and branches of monosaccharides.

Question 9

3 main types of fibers (makes up ECM with ground substance)

Answer 9

1 collagen

2) elastic
3) reticular

Question 10

purpose of collagen. Which type is strongest and most abundant? What does it form? Where is it most abundant?What cell primarily forms it?

Answer 10

purpose: provides TENSILE STRENGTH TO TISSUE

common type: TYPE 1

forms: tendons, ligaments, fasciae, organ capsules

most abundant: dermis of skin

produced by: FIBROBLASTS

Question 11

Collagen consists of __ #__ polypeptide chains. What are they called?

Answer 11

3 polypeptide chains to form a triple helix. 2 alpha 1 chains and 1 alpha 2 chains.

Question 12

a triple helix consisting of 2 A1 and 1 A2 chain makes ___. A bunch of triple helixes form a ___

Answer 12

a triple helix consisting of 2 A1 and 1 A2 chain makes PROCOLLAGEN. A bunch of triple helixes form a FIBRIL

Question 13

main protein that makes up elastic fibers

Answer 13

elastin

Question 14

where are you most likely to find elastic fibers

Answer 14

elastic laminae in large arteries, plus theyre randomly distributed in other areas

Question 15

what type of protein forms reticular fibers

Answer 15

type three collagen (reticulin)

Question 16

what type of stain can visualize reticular fibers

Answer 16

silver salts. reticular fibers appear black

Question 17

where can you find reticular fibers

Answer 17

1) spleen
2) lymph nodes
3) red bone marrow

Question 18

fibroblast function

Answer 18

produce and secrete components of the ECM (fibers and ground substance, therefore, it makes collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers, as well as proteoglycans and adhesive proteins).

Question 19

macrophages are ______, eating debris and bacteria

Answer 19

phagocytic

Question 20

how do macrophages fight infections

Answer 20

the release cytokines.

cytokines attract other cells to the area. They serve as molceular messengers between cells. They interact with cells of the immune system (usually lymphocutes) in order to REGULATE the body’s response to disease and infection.

Question 21

macrophages are derived from ___

Answer 21

monocytes

Question 22

macrophages are part of the ____ ___ system.

Answer 22

mononuclear phagocyte system; part of the immune system comprised of highly phagocytic cells.

Question 23

given that macrophages are phagocytic, what type of organelle specializations do you think they have?

Answer 23

lots of lysosomes. therefore they must have a lot of golgi.

Question 24

PLasma cells are derived from ____. what is their function

Answer 24

derived from lymphocytes. they synthesize immunoglobulin antibodies in response to antigens.

Question 25

mast cells originate from ___ __. They contain granules filled with ___ and ___. What is their function?

Answer 25

Mast cells originate from BONE MARROW. containes granules filled with HEPARIN (ANTICOAGULANT) and HISTAMINE (smooth muscle constriction). Involved in allergic reaction response and anaphylactic shock.

Question 26

function of adipocytes

Answer 26

store triglycerides

Question 27

where are leukocytes typically found? Function?

Answer 27

typically are in the blood, but are brought in to damaged connective tissue if macrophages release cytokines to trigger the immune response.

involved in defensive reactions against foreign substances (ex. bacteria, parasites)

Question 28

6 types of cells found in connective tissue

Answer 28

1) plasma cells (derived from lymphocytes, makes immunoglobulin antibodies)
2) mast cells (secretory granules filled with heparin or histamine for allergy response)
3) macrophages (phagocytic, mononuclear phagocyte immune system, releases cytokines to interact with lymphocytes)
4) leukocytes (immune response, originally found in blood but is brought into connective tissue in response to cytokine release)
5) adipocytes (stores triglycerides)
6) fibroblasts: makes all components of ECM (fiber types and ground substance – proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins)