Connective Tissue 1 Flashcards
4 general functions of connective tissues
1) physical support
2) bind tissues together
3) allows for exchange of materials between blood and tissues
2 major components of connective tissue
1) cells
2) ECM
components of ECM
1) fibers (collagen, elastin or reticular)
2) ground substance
all adult connective tissue is derived from _____, which is derived from embryonic ____
all adult connective tissue is derived from MESENCHYME, which is derived from embryonic MESODERM
ground substance is a suspension of:
1) proteoglycans (core protein and GAG)
2) adhesive glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin, integrins)
explain the structure of proteoglycan
proteoglycans have a protein core with disaccharide GAG units branching from it. looksl like a test tube brush.
purpose of adhesive glycoproteins in ground substance.
to connect cells, fibers and ground substance of CT together .
adhesive glycoproteins like laminin often have this general structure:
a globular protein and branches of monosaccharides.
3 main types of fibers (makes up ECM with ground substance)
1 collagen
2) elastic
3) reticular
purpose of collagen. Which type is strongest and most abundant? What does it form? Where is it most abundant?What cell primarily forms it?
purpose: provides TENSILE STRENGTH TO TISSUE
common type: TYPE 1
forms: tendons, ligaments, fasciae, organ capsules
most abundant: dermis of skin
produced by: FIBROBLASTS
Collagen consists of __ #__ polypeptide chains. What are they called?
3 polypeptide chains to form a triple helix. 2 alpha 1 chains and 1 alpha 2 chains.
a triple helix consisting of 2 A1 and 1 A2 chain makes ___. A bunch of triple helixes form a ___
a triple helix consisting of 2 A1 and 1 A2 chain makes PROCOLLAGEN. A bunch of triple helixes form a FIBRIL
main protein that makes up elastic fibers
elastin
where are you most likely to find elastic fibers
elastic laminae in large arteries, plus theyre randomly distributed in other areas
what type of protein forms reticular fibers
type three collagen (reticulin)
what type of stain can visualize reticular fibers
silver salts. reticular fibers appear black
where can you find reticular fibers
1) spleen
2) lymph nodes
3) red bone marrow
fibroblast function
produce and secrete components of the ECM (fibers and ground substance, therefore, it makes collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers, as well as proteoglycans and adhesive proteins).
macrophages are ______, eating debris and bacteria
phagocytic
how do macrophages fight infections
the release cytokines.
cytokines attract other cells to the area. They serve as molceular messengers between cells. They interact with cells of the immune system (usually lymphocutes) in order to REGULATE the body’s response to disease and infection.
macrophages are derived from ___
monocytes
macrophages are part of the ____ ___ system.
mononuclear phagocyte system; part of the immune system comprised of highly phagocytic cells.
given that macrophages are phagocytic, what type of organelle specializations do you think they have?
lots of lysosomes. therefore they must have a lot of golgi.
PLasma cells are derived from ____. what is their function
derived from lymphocytes. they synthesize immunoglobulin antibodies in response to antigens.
mast cells originate from ___ __. They contain granules filled with ___ and ___. What is their function?
Mast cells originate from BONE MARROW. containes granules filled with HEPARIN (ANTICOAGULANT) and HISTAMINE (smooth muscle constriction). Involved in allergic reaction response and anaphylactic shock.
function of adipocytes
store triglycerides
where are leukocytes typically found? Function?
typically are in the blood, but are brought in to damaged connective tissue if macrophages release cytokines to trigger the immune response.
involved in defensive reactions against foreign substances (ex. bacteria, parasites)
6 types of cells found in connective tissue
1) plasma cells (derived from lymphocytes, makes immunoglobulin antibodies)
2) mast cells (secretory granules filled with heparin or histamine for allergy response)
3) macrophages (phagocytic, mononuclear phagocyte immune system, releases cytokines to interact with lymphocytes)
4) leukocytes (immune response, originally found in blood but is brought into connective tissue in response to cytokine release)
5) adipocytes (stores triglycerides)
6) fibroblasts: makes all components of ECM (fiber types and ground substance – proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins)
