Lab Manual: Urinary Systems Flashcards
Label
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
- renal pelvis
- collecting ducts
the medulla of the kidney appears as triangular shapes and striated regions known as ___ ___
renal pyramids
the apex of the renal pyramids projects into a minor ____ as a ___ ___, and has openings called ___ ___. This forms the ___ ___
the apex of the renal pyramids projects into a minor CALYX as a RENAL PAPILLA, and has openings called PAPILLARY DUCTS. This forms the AREA CRIBOSA
the cortex makes the ___ ____. This extensions of medullary tissue into this structure are called ___ ___.
the cortex makes the CORTICAL ARCH. This extensions of medullary tissue into this structure are called MEDULLARY RAYS
collecting ducts converge to form papillary ducts, also known as ducts of __-
bellini
4 components of a nephrone
- renal corpuscle
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule
2 layers of the bowmans capsule
- parietal layer made of simpe squamous epi
- visceral layer made of podocytes
podocyte processes of the bowmans capsule known as ____ wrap around glomerular capillaries, but leave small gaps called ___ ___
pedicels, leave small gaps known as filtration slits
blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole and leaves through the efferent arterioles, both of which penetrate the renal corpuscle at its ___ pole
vascular pole
how is fluid and small molecules pushed throuhg the filtration slits and basal lamina into the interior of the bowman’s capsule?
the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole, resulting in resistance to blood flow. the pressure produced by this size difference forces fluid and smaller molecules from the blood through th efiltration slits and basal lamina.
purpose of mesangial cells
associated with the glomeruus and are phagocytic. removes molecules trapped on the basal lamina that would impede function or filtration if they weren’t moved.
the proximal convoluted tubule emerges from the ___ pole
urinary
loop of henle is lined with __ ___ epi
simple squamous epithelium
henle’s loop is involved in a ______ ___ mechanism for concentration of the urine
countercurrent multiplier mechanism. it establishes the range os osmolarities for the final urine concentration.
the descending limb is more permeable to water and impermeable to ions, but the ascending limb is more permeable to sodium and chloride, making the filtrate more and mroe dilute as it passes upward toward the cortex.
3 components of the distal tubule
1) distal straight tubule
2) macula densa
3) distal convoluted tubule
epithelium of the distal tubule
simple cuoidal epithelium with NO MICROVILLI
the distal tubule is impermeable to ___ and ___. it also reclaims __ in response to aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, and excess___ and ___ions are pumped into the lumen.
the distal tubule is impermeable to WATER and UREA. it also reclaims NA+ in response to aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, and excess H+ and K+ ions are pumped into the lumen.
function of macula densa cells
1) detects low sodium concentrations in the filtrate, and causes the dilation of the afferent arteriole which increases intraglomerular pressure.
2) stimulates JG cells to release renin to actiate the angiotensin system, which causes vasocontriction and increases blood pressure.
3) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, resulting in greater sodium resorption and an increase in blood volume, which also increases blood pressure.
the distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a ___ ___, which ahave ___ __ epithelium and are located in ___ ___s.
the distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a COLLECTING DUCT, which ahave SIMPLE CUBOIDAL epithelium and are located in MEDULLARY RAYS.
function of cortical collecting ducts. these cortical collecting ducts join to form ____ collecting ducts, which also have __ ___ epithelium but are located in the pyramids.
function of cortical collecting ducts. these cortical collecting ducts join to form MEDULLARY collecting ducts, which also have SIMPLE CUBOIDAL epithelium but are located in the pyramids.
the medullary collecting ducts join and form the ___ ____ of bellini, which have __ ___ epithelium. these ___ ___ of bellini empty into a ___ ___ at the renal papilla.
the medullary collecting ducts join and form the PAPILLARY DUCTS of bellini, which have SIMPLE COLUMNAR epithelium. these PAPILLARY DUCTS of bellini empty into a MINOR CALYX at the renal papilla.
collecting ducts are impermeable to water, but their permeability is increased in the presence of ____.
ADH. the more ADH, the more water is resorbed from the tubule.
blood enters the kidney through the renal artery at the hilus. the renal artery branches into ___ arteries, ____ arteries, ____ arteries (found next to the pyramids), ____ arteries (found along the base of the pyramids), and _____ arteries, which go into the cortex between medullary rays.
blood enters the kidney through the renal artery at the hilus. the renal artery branches into SEGMENTAL arteries, LOBAR arteries, INTERLOBAR arteries (found next to the pyramids), ARCUATE arteries (found along the base of the pyramids), and INTERLOBULAR arteries, which go into the cortex between medullary rays.
SEVERAL AFFERENT ARTERIOLES BRANCH OF THE ____ ARTERIES AND EMPTY INTO THE GLOMERULI, WHICH ARE FRAINED BY THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLES
BRANCH OFF THE INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES
which two types of vessels arise from the efferent arteriole to form a plexus around the convoluted tubules and the loop of henle?
the peritubular capillaries (associated with cortical nephrons) and vasa recta (associated with juxtaglomerular nephrons) arise from the efferent arteriole to form the plexus.
these networks pick up materials that have left th erenal tubule as a result of active transport, osmosis or diffusion. thus, useful materials that left the blood as filtrate are returned to the blood
___ veins drain the capillary networks.
arcuate veins
all blood vessels in the kidney are found in the ___ ____. This is componsed of ___ connective tissue.
renal interstitium composed of fibrous connective tissue
each renal papillar projects into a minor calyx. minor calyces combine to form ___ calyces, which in turn empty into the __ ___. what epithelium line these structures?
each renal papillar projects into a minor calyx. minor calyces combine to form MAJOR calyces, which in turn empty into the RENAL PELVIS. all these structures are lined with transitional epithelium
3 layers of the ureters
mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
the mucosa of the ureter is made of ___ epithelium and ___ __ CT in the lamina propria
transitional epithelium and dense irregulat CT in the lamina propria
order of the two smooth muscle layers in the muscularis externa of the ureter
1) inner long
2) outer circ
junction where the two ureters enter and the urethra leaves
trigone
3 layers in the urinary bladder wall
1) mucosa
2) muscularis
3) adventitia/serosa (serosa)
the mucosa of the bladder consists of the ___ epi and a ct lamina propria
transitional epithelium
in the empty bladder, the mucosa demonstrates nonpermanent folds called
rugae. these glatten as the bladder fills
muscularis layers of the bladder
also known as the detrusor muscle. there are 3 layers. inner long, middle circ, outer long. but they are difficult to identify.
at the internal urethral orifice, the ___ layer of smooth muscle forms the ___ ___ sphincter.
at the internal urethral orifice, the SMOOTH layer of smooth muscle forms the INTERNAL URINARY sphincter.
which sphincter is voluntary?
the external urinary sphincter. the internal urinary sphincter is lined with circular layer of smooth muscle, the external one is lined with skeletal muscle
in the female urethra, the external urethral orifice opens in to the ___ of the ___
vestibule of the vagina
the female urethra is primarily lined with ___ ___ ___ squamous epitherlium. Which glands are found in the lamina propria?
stratified squamous (wet) epithelium. paraurethral glands are found in the lamina propria and secrete mucus to lubricate the mucosa
layers of smooth muscle in the urethra
inner longitudinal and outer circular. the muscularis is surrounded by skeletal muscle at the external urinary sphincter portion
3 regions of male urethra. Where is the external sphincter? what epithelium lines each region? what glands are present in the tip of the urethra
1) prostatic urethra: lined with transitional epithelium. prostatic ducts and two ejaculatory ducts empty into it.
2) membranous urethra. stratified columnar epi. site of the external urinary sphincer
3) spongy urethra passs though the corpus spongiosum and leads to the external urethral orifice at the end of the glans penis. stratified squamous epi at the orifice. in this segmnet, there are glands of littre in the lamina propria.
the thick portions of henle’s loops are also known as:
the proximal and distal straight tubules
label
medullary tissue found in the subcapsular cortex is known as ___ ___. they are easily distinguished by the absense of ___ ___. Instead, they contain __ ___ ___ , and proximal and distal straight tubules. (thick portions of the loops of henle)
medullary tissue found in the subcapsular cortex is known as MEDULLARY RAY. they are easily distinguished by the absense of RENAL CORPUSCLES. Instead, they contain CORTICAL COLLECTING TUBULES, and proximal and distal straight tubules. (thick portions of the loops of henle)
LABEL
label
renal papilla. the medullary collecting tubules converge at the renal papilla to form papillary ducts of belini which are lined with simple columnar epithelium. the papilla proejcts into the minor calyz, which is lined with transitional epithelium.
what is this
urinary bladder. made of transitional epithelium and a connective tissue lamina propria. the mucosa has nonpermanent folds called rugar, and the muscularis externa has three ireegularly arranged layers of smooth muscle called detrusor muscle. Long circ long
T/F: female urethra has a bit of transitional epithelium
true. although it is mainly stratified squamous epithelu, there is some transitional epithelium at the proximal end closer to the ureters.
