Lab Manual: Urinary Systems

Question 1

Label

Answer 1

1. renal cortex
2. renal medulla
3. renal pelvis
4. collecting ducts

Question 2

the medulla of the kidney appears as triangular shapes and striated regions known as ___ ___

Answer 2

renal pyramids

Question 3

the apex of the renal pyramids projects into a minor ____ as a ___ ___, and has openings called ___ ___. This forms the ___ ___

Answer 3

the apex of the renal pyramids projects into a minor CALYX as a RENAL PAPILLA, and has openings called PAPILLARY DUCTS. This forms the AREA CRIBOSA

Question 4

the cortex makes the ___ ____. This extensions of medullary tissue into this structure are called ___ ___.

Answer 4

the cortex makes the CORTICAL ARCH. This extensions of medullary tissue into this structure are called MEDULLARY RAYS

Question 5

collecting ducts converge to form papillary ducts, also known as ducts of __-

Answer 5

bellini

Question 6

4 components of a nephrone

Answer 6

1. renal corpuscle
2. proximal convoluted tubule
3. loop of henle
4. distal convoluted tubule

Question 8

2 layers of the bowmans capsule

Answer 8

1. parietal layer made of simpe squamous epi
2. visceral layer made of podocytes

Question 9

podocyte processes of the bowmans capsule known as ____ wrap around glomerular capillaries, but leave small gaps called ___ ___

Answer 9

pedicels, leave small gaps known as filtration slits

Question 10

blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole and leaves through the efferent arterioles, both of which penetrate the renal corpuscle at its ___ pole

Answer 10

vascular pole

Question 11

how is fluid and small molecules pushed throuhg the filtration slits and basal lamina into the interior of the bowman’s capsule?

Answer 11

the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole, resulting in resistance to blood flow. the pressure produced by this size difference forces fluid and smaller molecules from the blood through th efiltration slits and basal lamina.

Question 12

purpose of mesangial cells

Answer 12

associated with the glomeruus and are phagocytic. removes molecules trapped on the basal lamina that would impede function or filtration if they weren’t moved.

Question 13

the proximal convoluted tubule emerges from the ___ pole

Answer 13

urinary

Question 14

loop of henle is lined with __ ___ epi

Answer 14

simple squamous epithelium

Question 15

henle’s loop is involved in a ______ ___ mechanism for concentration of the urine

Answer 15

countercurrent multiplier mechanism. it establishes the range os osmolarities for the final urine concentration.

the descending limb is more permeable to water and impermeable to ions, but the ascending limb is more permeable to sodium and chloride, making the filtrate more and mroe dilute as it passes upward toward the cortex.

Question 16

3 components of the distal tubule

Answer 16

1) distal straight tubule
2) macula densa
3) distal convoluted tubule

Question 17

epithelium of the distal tubule

Answer 17

simple cuoidal epithelium with NO MICROVILLI

Question 18

the distal tubule is impermeable to ___ and ___. it also reclaims __ in response to aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, and excess___ and ___ions are pumped into the lumen.

Answer 18

the distal tubule is impermeable to WATER and UREA. it also reclaims NA+ in response to aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, and excess H+ and K+ ions are pumped into the lumen.

Question 19

function of macula densa cells

Answer 19

1) detects low sodium concentrations in the filtrate, and causes the dilation of the afferent arteriole which increases intraglomerular pressure.
2) stimulates JG cells to release renin to actiate the angiotensin system, which causes vasocontriction and increases blood pressure.
3) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, resulting in greater sodium resorption and an increase in blood volume, which also increases blood pressure.

Question 20

the distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a ___ ___, which ahave ___ __ epithelium and are located in ___ ___s.

Answer 20

the distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a COLLECTING DUCT, which ahave SIMPLE CUBOIDAL epithelium and are located in MEDULLARY RAYS.

Question 21

function of cortical collecting ducts. these cortical collecting ducts join to form ____ collecting ducts, which also have __ ___ epithelium but are located in the pyramids.

Answer 21

function of cortical collecting ducts. these cortical collecting ducts join to form MEDULLARY collecting ducts, which also have SIMPLE CUBOIDAL epithelium but are located in the pyramids.

Question 22

the medullary collecting ducts join and form the ___ ____ of bellini, which have __ ___ epithelium. these ___ ___ of bellini empty into a ___ ___ at the renal papilla.

Answer 22

the medullary collecting ducts join and form the PAPILLARY DUCTS of bellini, which have SIMPLE COLUMNAR epithelium. these PAPILLARY DUCTS of bellini empty into a MINOR CALYX at the renal papilla.

Question 23

collecting ducts are impermeable to water, but their permeability is increased in the presence of ____.

Answer 23

ADH. the more ADH, the more water is resorbed from the tubule.

Question 24

blood enters the kidney through the renal artery at the hilus. the renal artery branches into ___ arteries, ____ arteries, ____ arteries (found next to the pyramids), ____ arteries (found along the base of the pyramids), and _____ arteries, which go into the cortex between medullary rays.

Answer 24

blood enters the kidney through the renal artery at the hilus. the renal artery branches into SEGMENTAL arteries, LOBAR arteries, INTERLOBAR arteries (found next to the pyramids), ARCUATE arteries (found along the base of the pyramids), and INTERLOBULAR arteries, which go into the cortex between medullary rays.

Question 25

SEVERAL AFFERENT ARTERIOLES BRANCH OF THE ____ ARTERIES AND EMPTY INTO THE GLOMERULI, WHICH ARE FRAINED BY THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLES

Answer 25

BRANCH OFF THE INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES

Question 26

which two types of vessels arise from the efferent arteriole to form a plexus around the convoluted tubules and the loop of henle?

Answer 26

the peritubular capillaries (associated with cortical nephrons) and vasa recta (associated with juxtaglomerular nephrons) arise from the efferent arteriole to form the plexus.

these networks pick up materials that have left th erenal tubule as a result of active transport, osmosis or diffusion. thus, useful materials that left the blood as filtrate are returned to the blood

Question 28

___ veins drain the capillary networks.

Answer 28

arcuate veins

Question 29

all blood vessels in the kidney are found in the ___ ____. This is componsed of ___ connective tissue.

Answer 29

renal interstitium composed of fibrous connective tissue

Question 30

each renal papillar projects into a minor calyx. minor calyces combine to form ___ calyces, which in turn empty into the __ ___. what epithelium line these structures?

Answer 30

each renal papillar projects into a minor calyx. minor calyces combine to form MAJOR calyces, which in turn empty into the RENAL PELVIS. all these structures are lined with transitional epithelium

Question 31

3 layers of the ureters

Answer 31

mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

Question 32

the mucosa of the ureter is made of ___ epithelium and ___ __ CT in the lamina propria

Answer 32

transitional epithelium and dense irregulat CT in the lamina propria

Question 33

order of the two smooth muscle layers in the muscularis externa of the ureter

Answer 33

1) inner long
2) outer circ

Question 34

junction where the two ureters enter and the urethra leaves

Answer 34

trigone

Question 35

3 layers in the urinary bladder wall

Answer 35

1) mucosa
2) muscularis
3) adventitia/serosa (serosa)

Question 36

the mucosa of the bladder consists of the ___ epi and a ct lamina propria

Answer 36

transitional epithelium

Question 37

in the empty bladder, the mucosa demonstrates nonpermanent folds called

Answer 37

rugae. these glatten as the bladder fills

Question 38

muscularis layers of the bladder

Answer 38

also known as the detrusor muscle. there are 3 layers. inner long, middle circ, outer long. but they are difficult to identify.

Question 39

at the internal urethral orifice, the ___ layer of smooth muscle forms the ___ ___ sphincter.

Answer 39

at the internal urethral orifice, the SMOOTH layer of smooth muscle forms the INTERNAL URINARY sphincter.

Question 40

which sphincter is voluntary?

Answer 40

the external urinary sphincter. the internal urinary sphincter is lined with circular layer of smooth muscle, the external one is lined with skeletal muscle

Question 41

in the female urethra, the external urethral orifice opens in to the ___ of the ___

Answer 41

vestibule of the vagina

Question 42

the female urethra is primarily lined with ___ ___ ___ squamous epitherlium. Which glands are found in the lamina propria?

Answer 42

stratified squamous (wet) epithelium. paraurethral glands are found in the lamina propria and secrete mucus to lubricate the mucosa

Question 43

layers of smooth muscle in the urethra

Answer 43

inner longitudinal and outer circular. the muscularis is surrounded by skeletal muscle at the external urinary sphincter portion

Question 44

3 regions of male urethra. Where is the external sphincter? what epithelium lines each region? what glands are present in the tip of the urethra

Answer 44

1) prostatic urethra: lined with transitional epithelium. prostatic ducts and two ejaculatory ducts empty into it.
2) membranous urethra. stratified columnar epi. site of the external urinary sphincer
3) spongy urethra passs though the corpus spongiosum and leads to the external urethral orifice at the end of the glans penis. stratified squamous epi at the orifice. in this segmnet, there are glands of littre in the lamina propria.

Question 45

the thick portions of henle’s loops are also known as:

Answer 45

the proximal and distal straight tubules

Question 46

label

Answer 46

Question 47

medullary tissue found in the subcapsular cortex is known as ___ ___. they are easily distinguished by the absense of ___ ___. Instead, they contain __ ___ ___ , and proximal and distal straight tubules. (thick portions of the loops of henle)

Answer 47

medullary tissue found in the subcapsular cortex is known as MEDULLARY RAY. they are easily distinguished by the absense of RENAL CORPUSCLES. Instead, they contain CORTICAL COLLECTING TUBULES, and proximal and distal straight tubules. (thick portions of the loops of henle)

Question 48

LABEL

Answer 48

Question 49

label

Answer 49

renal papilla. the medullary collecting tubules converge at the renal papilla to form papillary ducts of belini which are lined with simple columnar epithelium. the papilla proejcts into the minor calyz, which is lined with transitional epithelium.

Question 50

what is this

Answer 50

urinary bladder. made of transitional epithelium and a connective tissue lamina propria. the mucosa has nonpermanent folds called rugar, and the muscularis externa has three ireegularly arranged layers of smooth muscle called detrusor muscle. Long circ long

Question 51

T/F: female urethra has a bit of transitional epithelium

Answer 51

true. although it is mainly stratified squamous epithelu, there is some transitional epithelium at the proximal end closer to the ureters.