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BIOL-3202 > Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

Digestive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the activities of the digestive system

A

Activities include: 1) intake 2) mechanical breakdown 3) chemical breakdown by enzymes 4) absorption of nutrients 5) elimination of undigested matter

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2
Q

3 parts of the digestive system

A

1) oral cavity 2) tubular digestive system 3) accessory glands

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3
Q

4 components of the WALL of the GI tract

A

1) mucuosa (epithelium, lamina propria, musculais mucosa) 2) submucosa 3) muscularis externa 4) serosa

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4
Q

3 components of the mucosa layer of the wall

A

1) epithelium (stratified squamous epithelium) 2) lamina propria (areolar CT) 3) muscularis mucosa (inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle)

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5
Q

what components are inside the lamina propria that attaches mucosa epithelium?

A

1) aereolar CT 2) blood vessels 3) lymphatic tissue 4) glands.

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6
Q

the intestines are suspended by____

A

mesentaries

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7
Q

3 components of the submucosa layer

A

1) submucosal gland 2) blood vessel 3) submucosal nerve plexus

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8
Q

the muscularis externa is composed of an inner ___ layer and an outer ___ layer with a ____ nerve plexus in between.

A

the muscularis externa is composed of an inner CIRCULAR layer and an outer LONGITUDINAL layer with a MYENTERIC/AUERBACH nerve plexus in between.

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9
Q

the submucosa has ___ that controls contraction of muscularis mucosa

A

ganglia (submucosa plexus of meissner)

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10
Q

T/F: auerbachs plexus is located in the submucosa

A

FALSE. the auerbachs plexus is located in the muscularis externa between the two layers, but the PLEXUS OF MEISSNER is a ganglia located in the submucosa.

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11
Q

The serosa is made of this _____ connective tissue.

A

thin areolar connective tissue.

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12
Q

Serosa involves the mesothelium layer, or ___ ___, which covers the tract. What is it made of?

A

Serosa involves the mesothelium layer, or VISCERAL PERITONEUM, which covers the tract. made of simple squamous epithelium (but the serosa is made of areolar connective tissue)

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13
Q

3 zones of the lip

A

1) cutaneous (external surface where moustache could grow) 2) vermillion (red part of lip) 3) Internal zone/oral mucosa

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14
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the cutaneous zone of the lip?

A

thin KERATINIZED stratified sqamous epithelium

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15
Q

T/f: the vermillion zone of thel ip contains glands and hair follicles.

A

false. no glands = readily gets dry with cold weather.

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16
Q

how does the vermillion zone get its red color?

A

lots of blood vessels. Has very thin stratified squamous epithelium.

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17
Q

What type of epithelium composes the internal zone? what does this zone contain?

A

made of stratified squamous epithelium (WET/NON keratinized). Has accessory salivary glands.

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18
Q

What is this a slide of? Label it.

A

Lip section.

  • S= CUTANEOUS skin layer (where moustache grows, may contain follicles (F) and sweat glands)

V= Vermillion layer. Contains blood vessels and thin layer os stratified squamous epithelium that is transparent to blood vessels, allowing for characteristic red hue of lips

OM = oral mucosa Internal zone (faces lumen inside mouth) = is opposite side of skin. Contains minor salivary glands (G) and muscle (M)

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19
Q

The mouth is lined by ___ ___ epithelium, which is mainly ____ except;

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS epithlium. Mosly NON-Keratinized except HARD PALATE, GUMS, and FILIFORM PAPILLAE of tongue.

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20
Q

3 types of accessory salivary glands

A

1) serous (stains dark) –> produces thin, watery secretions.
2) mucous –> appear clear.
3) mixed.

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21
Q

V shaped groove of the tongue

A

sulcus terminalis

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22
Q

the ___ ___ attaches the ventral surface to the floor of the oral cavity

A

lingual frenulum

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23
Q

the anterior portion of the tongue has 3 types of papillae. What ar they?

A

1) filiform
2) fungiform
3) folliate

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24
Q

Most numerous type of tongie papillae. Are they keritanized or not? Do they have taste buds?

A

filiform. They are HEAVILY keratinized and do NOT HAVE taste buds.

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25
Q

___ papillae are shaped like mushrooms and are scattered among filiform papillae. How are they seen macroscopically on the tongue? Do they have taste buds?

A

FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE. Appear as red dots on tongue because they have LOTS OF CAPILLARIES. Houses some taste buds.

26
Q

Function of filiform papillae

A

provides friction to help move food during chewing.

27
Q

What types of papillae hosue taste buds?

A

fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae.

28
Q

when do foliate papilae develop?

A

in young childhood.

29
Q

largest type of papillae

A

circumvallate (vallate) papillae at the back of the tongue. LEAST numerous but contain the largest amount of taste buds.

30
Q

circumvallate papillae are surrounded by grooves with ___ ___ glands, which function to:

A

grooves with SEROUS vonEBNER glands, which function to dissolve food.

31
Q

where are cirucmvallate papillae found?

A

along SULCUS TERMINALIS at posterior portion of tongue.

32
Q

What attaches the ventral surface of the tongue to the oral cavity

A

the lingual frenulum

33
Q

If you clean your tongue emaculately, it still appears white. Why?

A

because of the abundant filiform papillae that are heavily keratinized. The keratin appears whiteish.

34
Q

label

A

F= fungiform papillae. Has some taste buds, lightly kertainized.

FI= filiform papillae. no taste buds. heavily keratinized.

SS= stratified squamous epithelium.

TB= taste buds on circumvallate pallate at sulcus terminalis

GL= salivary glands (serous von ebners) emptying into clefts.

35
Q

____ papillae are well developed in children but poorly developed in adult humans. Where are they located? Do they contain taste buds?

A

FOLLIATE papillae. Located on the edge of the tongue near the back (on ridges). Contains taste buds.

36
Q

How is the taste pore on a taste bud comrpised?

A

microvilli project through opening at free surface (taste pore)

37
Q

Three types of cells for tastebuds and their characteristics

A

1) support cells: slender and dark staining
2) taste cells: slender and light staining.
3) basal cells: cuboidal cells at the base

38
Q

label

A
39
Q

5 main “flavours” we sense.

A

1) salty
2) sour
3) sweet
4) bitter
5) umami: repsonse to salts of glutamic acid (MSG)

40
Q

What are our two sets of teeth?

A

1) 20 deciduous teeth (baby teeth)
2) 32 permanent teeth. (2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars and 3 molars) (x4)

41
Q

3 anatomical parts of the tooth

A

1) crown
2) neck
3) root

42
Q

the __ of the tooth sits in the ___ socket in the jaw bone . How is the root connected to the bone?

A

sits in the alveolus of the jaw bone. Connected to the bone via periodontal ligament.

43
Q

what is the visible portion of the tooth

A

crown

44
Q

the ___ is the junction of the crown and the root

A

neck

45
Q

label

A
46
Q

the cementum covers ____

A

ROOTS anchoring the tooth to alveolar bone of the jaw

47
Q

3 main “hard tissues” of the teeth

A

1) enamel
2) dentin
3) cementum

48
Q

Dentin consists of 70% ___ ____ crystals and 30% organic matter, namely _____ and ____

A

70% hydroxyapatite crystals and 30% organic matter (collagen I and GAGs)

49
Q

Dentin is formed by _____. How are these cells formed? What are the extensions classed? What do the initially produce?

A

odontoblasts. derived from the MESENCHYME of a developing pulp cavity. Extensions are called TOMES fibers, or DENTINAL TUBULES. Odontoblasts produce predentin, which later mineralizes to form dentin.

50
Q
A

PC = pulp cavity (inside tooth)

O= odontoblasts

OP= odontoblast process (tomes process) (dentinal tubules)

P= Predentin (collagen) which is why its blue under mallory trichrome stain

D= dentin (mineralized with calcium hydroxyappatite)

51
Q

purpose of the odontoblast processes

A

odontoblasts processes connect the odontoblasts to the dentin they secreted. Helps with the maintenance of dentin in adult teeth.

52
Q

___ covers the crown of the tooth. What is its composition?

A

enamel. 98% calcium hydroxyappatite forming ENAMEL PRISM columns.

53
Q

Enamel is produced by ___ cells. How did these cells form?

A

produced by ameloblast cells that are formed from INNER ENAMEL EPITHELIUM created by the EPITHELIAL ORGAN which stems from the DENTLA LAMINA embryonic epithelium.

54
Q

Lablel

Ameloblasts are surrounded by ___ ___.

Each ameloblast produces one ___ ___ (column). Are there cellular processes in enamel like in dentin?

A

ameloblasts are surrounded by connective tissue. Each ameloblast produces one enamel prism. There are no cellular processes.

CT: connective tissue

A= ameloblasts

E= enamel

D= dentin.

55
Q

____ covers root. Function? What cells give rise to it?

A

the CEMENTUM covers root. Similar to bone. Function is to anchor tooth toe alveolus via periodontal ligament. Formed by cementoblasts.

56
Q

the pulp cavity houses the ___ ___, which communicaes via foramen at apex of root. What kind of connective tissue is it composed of? what else does it have?

A

DENTAL PULP. made of AREOLAR CT with many capillaries, nerves and fibers.

57
Q

the periphery of dental pulp contains ____, which contact the surrounding dentin by processes.

A

contains odontoblasts

58
Q

What kind of fibers can you find in the dental pulp

A

reticulin fibers, and fine collagen fibers. also nerve fibers.

59
Q

the blood and nerve supplies enter the pulp cavity via the ___ ___ at the apex of the ____

A

apical foramen at the apex of the roots.

60
Q

What is this? label.

A

this is dental pulp found in the pulp cavity inside the tooth.

D= dentin surrounding the pulp cavity

O= odontoplasts on periphery of dental pulp

V= venules and capillaries.

BIOL-3202 (41 decks)

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