Blood

Question 1

Components of plasma

Answer 1

largely water with inorganic salts and plasma proteins (albumins and globulins and fibrinogen)

Question 2

3 classes of blood cells

Answer 2

RBCs WBCs, leukocytes platelets (thrombcytes)

Question 3

which type of blood cell houses hemoglobin

Answer 3

RBC

Question 4

what are reticulocytes?

Answer 4

immature red blood cells. they stil have some ribodomes and organelles and stain differently.

Question 5

the 5 types of leukocytes can be broken down into 2 categories:

Answer 5

1) granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (have polymorphic nuclei) 2) agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes.

Question 6

how do leukocytes leave the blood?

Answer 6

by squeezing between endothelial cells of capillaries and veins to function in tissues.

Question 7

most numerous leukocyte. Function

Answer 7

neutrophil. Defense against bacterial infections by phagocytosis

Question 8

granulocytes are produced in the ___

Answer 8

bone marrow.

Question 9

what type of cell is this?

Answer 9

Neutrophils. In blood smears neutrophils can be identified by their multilobulated nuclei, with lobules held together by thin strands.

Question 10

what kind of nucleus does an eosinophil have? functioN?

Answer 10

BILOBED nucleus, but hard to see.

Function:

• granules contain major basic protein which kills parasitic worms therefore defend against parasitic infections
• Also phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes

Question 11

What type of leukocyte is this?

Answer 11

Eosinophils. Eosinophils are about the same size as neutrophils but have bilobed nuclei and abundant coarse cytoplasmic granules.

Question 12

least common WBC. Function?

Answer 12

Basophil. Has large basophilic granules of histamine and heparin, involved in allergic reactions.

Question 13

Cell type?

Answer 13

Basophil. Rarest WBC

Question 14

second most common leukocyte. Function?

Answer 14

lymphocyte. Large nucleus with pale rim of cytoplsms. Are involved in immunological defense against invading microorganisms, antigens, and cancer cells

Question 15

3 types of lymphocytes

Answer 15

1) B cells: differentiate into antibody-seecreting plasma cells. Help with HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
2) T cells: has antigen receptors in their membranes. Can execute a cell-mediated immune response/cytotoxic T cell response.
3) Null ells; can kill foreign or infected cells without an antigen-antibody interaction (natural killer cells).

Question 16

cell type?

Answer 16

. Lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are agranulocytes and lack the specific granules characteristic of granulocytes.

Question 17

Which are the largest WBCs? Function?

Answer 17

Monocytes. Large and horseshoe shaped nucleus. AGRANULAR

• After leaving the blood, monocytes differentiate to tissue macrophages
• Motile and highly phagocytic

Question 18

Cell type?

Answer 18

. Monocytes. Monocytes are large agranulocytes with diameters from 12 to 20 µm that circulate as precursors to macrophages

Question 19

Platelets are aka ____. What do they arise from?

Answer 19

aka THROMBOCYTES.

•Are irregular-shaped cell fragments (NOT CELLS THEMSELVES) that arise from a megakaryocyte in bone marrow

Question 20

Megakaryoblasts undergo _____ and differentiate into megakaryocytes

Answer 20

endomitosis: DNA replication without cell division. Megakaryoblast have one big nucleus. Megakaryocytes has a nucleus inside that consists of SEVERAL LOBES.

Question 21

Cell type?

Answer 21

a) megakaryoblast

b/c) megakaryocyte

Question 22

Where can you find a megakaryocyte?

Answer 22

bone marrow

Question 23

Find the platelet producing cell

Answer 23

megakaryocyte. there’s two in the pic.

Question 24

Ultrastructurally, a platelet typically shows a system of ____ and ____ _____ near the periphery to help maintain its shape

Answer 24

Ultrastructurally a platelet typically shows a system of microtubules and actin filaments near the periphery to help maintain its shape

Question 25

How is collagen involved in the coagulation procuess?

Answer 25

when wound is inflicted ona tissue, collagen is exposed within the wound and walls of blood vessels. presence of collagen cause platelet aggregation to site. Upon adhesion to collagen, platelets exocytose their granules into the canalicular system, which allows the very rapid secretion of factors involved in blood coagulation

Question 26

What are the arrows pointing to? What are the darker portions of the structure?

Answer 26

pointing to platelets, which house granules of clotting factors. The clotting factors leave the platelet through the CANALICULAR system.

Question 27

2 functions of platelets

Answer 27

1) rapidly release the content of their granules upon contact with collagen (or other materials outside of the endothelium) to begin the process of clot formation and reduce blood loss from the vasculature. FORM A PLUG
2) promote formation of fibrin to form a clot.

Question 28

converting fibrinogen to fibrin requires ____ enzyme

Answer 28

thrombin. (Fibrin makes a blood clot)

Question 29

steps to forming a blood clot

Answer 29

1) Clotting factors are required from:
a) Platelets
b) Damaged cells
c) Plasma

2) Prothrombin is converted to to thrombin, which promotes conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin