Medical Applications part 1 Flashcards
how is epidermolysis bullosa contracted
its autosomal.
characteristics of epidermolysis bullosa
extremely fragile skin that results in minor mechanical friction separating layers of skin and forming blisters and sores. Sores could be compared to third-degree burns
3 forms of epidermolysis bellosa and their characteristics. What layers of skin do they affect?
1) simplex: blisters in the keratinocytes
2) junctional: blisters between epidermis and dermis. Affects laminin and collagen 7.
3) dystrophic: blisters in lamina densa and upper dermis of skin
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex is an epidermal blistering disease caused by mutations in genes coding for keratin 5 and 14, which attach to desmoplakin. This is manifested by detachment of intermediate filaments and desmoplakin from the desmosome. in the skin layers
junctional EB affects ___ and ___ fibers
laminin and collagen 7 fibers
what type of EB is this
simplex. keratinocytes get blistered
what type of EB is this
junctional EB. blisters between epidermis and dermis
Two causes of sebaceous hyperplasia, and main characteristics
SH caused by increase in number and size of sebaceous glands, causing lesions and bumps. Often caused by sun and genetics, and is common in older patients.
What is this
looks like sebaceous hyperplasia. note the enlarged sebaceous glands
two stages of alcoholic liver disease
1) accumulation of fatty tissue
2) cirrhosis: replacement of normal hepatic cells with extensive thick bands of fibrous tissue and nodules, which eventually results in liver failure –> alcoholic hyaline.
What condition is this?
alcoholic liver. look at the fat accumulation
the artery on the right is most likely suffering from:
atherosclerosis
a heart attack is caused by a bloackage of ____ arteries
coronary arteries
in individuals with atherosclerosis, their histological samples might have blue accumulations as a result of increased calcium. What is this caused
dystrophic calcification
histophathological symptoms of atheroscloerosis
1) prominent contraction of fibers, loss of nuclei
2) wavy appearance of muscle fibers
3) prense of numerous immune cells (neutrophils)
4) eventually replacement of muscle fibers with scarring tissue.
- intercalated disks look more close togeher
What is this
disease cardiac tissue. note the strange intercalated disks that are close together.
what is this
scar tissue near cardiac tissue, probably a result of plaque formation
what is this
diseased myocardium. Note the wavy and more white muscle tissue near the normal cardiac muscle.
What is immotile cilia syndrome and how is it contracted?
ICS is caused by immobility of cilia and flagella associated with a deficiency of dyenin. Leads to infertility in men and chronic respiratory tract infections in both sexes. It’s genetic, nad inherited as autosomal recessive.
prostate cancer is identified using the ____ grading system.
gleason. you get a grade, and then you get a score where you add up gleason grades: the predominenant patterna nd then the secondary pattern. Fancy way of telling how bad the tumor looks.
how can you identify prostate cancer?
there are more defined nucleoli, and the more advanced stages results in changes of shape of glandular tissue and fibrosis.
what gland is this?
prostate gland, but it is malignant. has cancer. Prominent nucleoli
causes of testicular atrophy
radiation, chemo, hormonal imbalances, excess estrogen, mumps, STIs
symptoms of testicular atrophy
1) decreased sex drive if Leydig cells are impacted
2) may lead to infertility if Germ cells are impacted.
what condition is this person suffering from
testicular atrophy. note the hyalinized seminiferous tubules.
mumps are a ___ infection of the ___ gland.
viral infection of parotid gland.
3 primary types of skin cancer.
1) basal cell carcinoma
2) squamous cell carcinoma
3) melanoma
basal cell carcinoma is an overgrowth in the stratum ___
basalis.
melanoma affects the __ layer of the skin
deepest. most harmful cancer.
What condition is this
basal cell carcinoma. Look at the palisading nodules of tissue in the stratum basalis. nodules often appear bluish
WHat is this?
looks like squamous cell carcinoma. there are no palisading cells and the keratinocytes end up invading deeper layers of skin to form peal-like appearances: accumulations of keratins that are ACELLULAR. There is also an accumulation in lymphocytes.
melanomas usually begin in a mole, which is a benign cluster of ____ and other elements such as ___ CT
melanomas usually begin in a mole, which is a benign cluster of MELANOCYTES and other elements such as LOOSE CT
What condition is this?
looks like melanoma. Melanin granules are spreading paces along with invasive tumor cells. Most dangerous cancer.
the ____ growth of melanocytes is indicative of severity
VERTICAL growht. depth/thickness.
Characteristics of melanoma
melanin in the cells, plus tumor cells have prominent nucleoli
ABCDs of melanoma
A: asymmetry
B. border- ragged
C. color is uneven, pink and black
D. Diameter- changes in size. Larger than erase of pencil. Fast growing.
how are you put at risk to skin cancer/
1) light skin color, hair color and eye color
2) family history of skin cancer
3) freckles, indicative of sun sensitivity and sun damage
4) history of sunburns in early life.
