Medical Applications part 1

Question 1

how is epidermolysis bullosa contracted

Answer 1

its autosomal.

Question 2

characteristics of epidermolysis bullosa

Answer 2

extremely fragile skin that results in minor mechanical friction separating layers of skin and forming blisters and sores. Sores could be compared to third-degree burns

Question 3

3 forms of epidermolysis bellosa and their characteristics. What layers of skin do they affect?

Answer 3

1) simplex: blisters in the keratinocytes
2) junctional: blisters between epidermis and dermis. Affects laminin and collagen 7.
3) dystrophic: blisters in lamina densa and upper dermis of skin

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex is an epidermal blistering disease caused by mutations in genes coding for keratin 5 and 14, which attach to desmoplakin. This is manifested by detachment of intermediate filaments and desmoplakin from the desmosome. in the skin layers

Question 4

junctional EB affects ___ and ___ fibers

Answer 4

laminin and collagen 7 fibers

Question 5

what type of EB is this

Answer 5

simplex. keratinocytes get blistered

Question 6

what type of EB is this

Answer 6

junctional EB. blisters between epidermis and dermis

Question 7

Two causes of sebaceous hyperplasia, and main characteristics

Answer 7

SH caused by increase in number and size of sebaceous glands, causing lesions and bumps. Often caused by sun and genetics, and is common in older patients.

Question 8

What is this

Answer 8

looks like sebaceous hyperplasia. note the enlarged sebaceous glands

Question 9

two stages of alcoholic liver disease

Answer 9

1) accumulation of fatty tissue
2) cirrhosis: replacement of normal hepatic cells with extensive thick bands of fibrous tissue and nodules, which eventually results in liver failure –> alcoholic hyaline.

Question 10

What condition is this?

Answer 10

alcoholic liver. look at the fat accumulation

Question 11

the artery on the right is most likely suffering from:

Answer 11

atherosclerosis

Question 12

a heart attack is caused by a bloackage of ____ arteries

Answer 12

coronary arteries

Question 13

in individuals with atherosclerosis, their histological samples might have blue accumulations as a result of increased calcium. What is this caused

Answer 13

dystrophic calcification

Question 14

histophathological symptoms of atheroscloerosis

Answer 14

1) prominent contraction of fibers, loss of nuclei
2) wavy appearance of muscle fibers
3) prense of numerous immune cells (neutrophils)
4) eventually replacement of muscle fibers with scarring tissue.
- intercalated disks look more close togeher

Question 15

What is this

Answer 15

disease cardiac tissue. note the strange intercalated disks that are close together.

Question 16

what is this

Answer 16

scar tissue near cardiac tissue, probably a result of plaque formation

Question 17

what is this

Answer 17

diseased myocardium. Note the wavy and more white muscle tissue near the normal cardiac muscle.

Question 18

What is immotile cilia syndrome and how is it contracted?

Answer 18

ICS is caused by immobility of cilia and flagella associated with a deficiency of dyenin. Leads to infertility in men and chronic respiratory tract infections in both sexes. It’s genetic, nad inherited as autosomal recessive.

Question 19

prostate cancer is identified using the ____ grading system.

Answer 19

gleason. you get a grade, and then you get a score where you add up gleason grades: the predominenant patterna nd then the secondary pattern. Fancy way of telling how bad the tumor looks.

Question 20

how can you identify prostate cancer?

Answer 20

there are more defined nucleoli, and the more advanced stages results in changes of shape of glandular tissue and fibrosis.

Question 21

what gland is this?

Answer 21

prostate gland, but it is malignant. has cancer. Prominent nucleoli

Question 22

causes of testicular atrophy

Answer 22

radiation, chemo, hormonal imbalances, excess estrogen, mumps, STIs

Question 23

symptoms of testicular atrophy

Answer 23

1) decreased sex drive if Leydig cells are impacted
2) may lead to infertility if Germ cells are impacted.

Question 24

what condition is this person suffering from

Answer 24

testicular atrophy. note the hyalinized seminiferous tubules.

Question 25

mumps are a ___ infection of the ___ gland.

Answer 25

viral infection of parotid gland.

Question 26

3 primary types of skin cancer.

Answer 26

1) basal cell carcinoma
2) squamous cell carcinoma
3) melanoma

Question 27

basal cell carcinoma is an overgrowth in the stratum ___

Answer 27

basalis.

Question 28

melanoma affects the __ layer of the skin

Answer 28

deepest. most harmful cancer.

Question 29

What condition is this

Answer 29

basal cell carcinoma. Look at the palisading nodules of tissue in the stratum basalis. nodules often appear bluish

Question 31

WHat is this?

Answer 31

looks like squamous cell carcinoma. there are no palisading cells and the keratinocytes end up invading deeper layers of skin to form peal-like appearances: accumulations of keratins that are ACELLULAR. There is also an accumulation in lymphocytes.

Question 32

melanomas usually begin in a mole, which is a benign cluster of ____ and other elements such as ___ CT

Answer 32

melanomas usually begin in a mole, which is a benign cluster of MELANOCYTES and other elements such as LOOSE CT

Question 33

What condition is this?

Answer 33

looks like melanoma. Melanin granules are spreading paces along with invasive tumor cells. Most dangerous cancer.

Question 34

the ____ growth of melanocytes is indicative of severity

Answer 34

VERTICAL growht. depth/thickness.

Question 35

Characteristics of melanoma

Answer 35

melanin in the cells, plus tumor cells have prominent nucleoli

Question 36

ABCDs of melanoma

Answer 36

A: asymmetry

B. border- ragged

C. color is uneven, pink and black

D. Diameter- changes in size. Larger than erase of pencil. Fast growing.

Question 37

how are you put at risk to skin cancer/

Answer 37

1) light skin color, hair color and eye color
2) family history of skin cancer
3) freckles, indicative of sun sensitivity and sun damage
4) history of sunburns in early life.