Female reproduction: 3

Question 1

tthe umbilical cord contains the left and right ___ arteries and ___ connective tissue

Answer 1

umbilical artery and vein, and mucous connective tissue

Question 2

where would a cross section like this be seen

Answer 2

umbilical cord

Question 3

each mammary gland contains 15-25 lobues. within each lobe, the lubules lead to ___ ducts with sinuses. what kind of gland are these?

each sinus then opens in the ___.

Answer 3

•: lobules leading to lactiferous ducts with sinuses (compound tubuloacinar gland)

each sinus opens in the nipple.

Question 4

between each lobe of the mammary gland there is the ____. What is this composed of?

Answer 4

STROMA. made of loose connective tissue, fatty CT, blood vessels, lymphocytes and plasma cells.

Question 5

label the stages of milk production.

Answer 5

Alveolar development in the breast during pregnancy. (a): The mammary glands of adult, nonpregnant women are inactive, with small ducts and few lobules (L) having secretory alveoli which are not well—developed. The structure with the large lumen in each lobule is part of the duct; the smaller structures are the small, undeveloped alveoli. The breasts are composed largely of connective tissue (CT), having considerable fat.

(b) : The glands become active during pregnancy, with the duct system growing rapidly and the secretory units of each lobule becoming much larger and more extensively branched. In this micrograph adipocytes (A) are included but these are only a small fraction of those present.
(c) : During lactation, the lobules are greatly enlarged and the lumens of both the numerous glandular alveoli (A) and the excretory ducts (D) are filled with milk. The protein content of milk makes it eosinophilic in histological sections. At this time the intralobular connective tissue is more sparse and difficult to see, except for small septa (arrows).

Question 6

label

Answer 6

Active versus lactating alveoli.

(a) : Early pregnancy: Micrograph shows alveoli (A) develop as spherical structures composed of simple cuboidal epithelial cells surrounded by the contractile processes of myoepithelial cells (M). Development occurs at different rates throughout the breast. Late in pregnancy lymphocytes (L) leave venules (V), accumulate in the intralobular connective tissue and differentiate as plasma cells (P). IgA secreted by these cells is transferred into milk and helps confer passive immunity from the mother to the nursing infant. A small amount of milk is beginning to accumulate in the lumen of the duct (arrow).
b) : Late pregnancy: Shows secretory cells of the lactating gland, to be more columnar and contain variously sized lipid droplets, which are also visible in the milk (LD). Connective tissue appears less cellular, although blood vessels (V) and lymphocytes remain present.

Question 7

two twpes of breast milk

Answer 7

• Colostrum – proteins, vitamin A, antibodies
• True milk – proteins, fats, sugars

Question 8

in the mammary gland, proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles and undergo ___ secretion. lipid droplets grow in size and eventually undergo ___ secretion.

Answer 8

in the mammary gland, proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles and undergo MEROCRINE secretion. lipid droplets grow in size and eventually undergo APOCRINE secretion, in which they are removed from the cell along with a portion of the apical cell membrne.