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Histology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Non-hormonal function of the urinary tract

A

Production, storage and voiding of urine

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2
Q

Function of the kidneys and urinary tract

A

Maintaining water and electrolyte balance, body fluid osmolarity, acid-base balance, excrete toxic metabolic waste products and produce renin and erythropoetion

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3
Q

Where is the kidney

A

In the retroperitoneal area

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4
Q

What covers the kidney

A

Thin but strong capsule

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5
Q

What is the capsule composed of

A

Dense collagen fibres

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6
Q

What enters/exits at the hilum of the kidney

A

Renal artery - enters

Renal vein and ureter - exit

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7
Q

Structures of the kidney

A

Renal pelvis, major calyces and minor calyces

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8
Q

Two main areas of the kidney

A

Medulla and cortex

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9
Q

What is the medulla divided into

A

Medullary pyramids

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10
Q

Where do the apices of the medullary pyramids point to

A

The hilum of the kidney

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11
Q

What are the apices of the medullary pyramids called

A

Papillae

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12
Q

What is each medullary pyramid and associated tissue known as

A

A lobe of the kidney

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13
Q

What is the capsule of the kidney continuos with

A

The connective tissue that lines the renal sinuses

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14
Q

What are medullary rays

A

Collections of collecting ducts and the straight segments of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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15
Q

Where are the medullary rays found

A

In the cortex

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16
Q

What provides the vascular supply to the kidney

A

Anterior and posterior branches of the renal artery, interlobar, interlobular and arcuate arteries and afferent arterioles

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17
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidneys

A

The nephron

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18
Q

What is the nephron composed of

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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19
Q

What is the principle role of the renal corpsucle

A

Production and collection of glomerular filtrate

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20
Q

What is the renal corpuscle formed of

A

A tuft of capillaries and a cup of simple squamous epithelium

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21
Q

What is the tuft of capillaries known as

A

The glomerulus

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22
Q

What is the cup of simple squamous epithelium known as

A

The bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

What is the glomerulus supplied by

A

An afferent arteriole

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24
Q

What is the glomerulus drained by

A

An efferent arteriole

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25
Q

What are the two cell layers that separate the blood from the glomerular filtrate

A

Capillary endothelium and podocytes

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26
Q

What are podocytes

A

Epithelial cells that are part of the specialised epithelium that lies on top of the glomerular filtrate

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27
Q

What type of epithelium do the podocytes make

A

Fenestrated epithelium with pores

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28
Q

What do the interdigitating cell process of the podocytes make

A

Filtration slits

29
Q

What is between the podocytes and enodthelium of capillaries

A

A thicker than usual basal lamina made up of GAGs

30
Q

What do scattered mesangial cells produce

A

Connective tissue core called a mesangium

31
Q

Function of mesangium

A

Support and removal of debris

32
Q

What is the glomerular filtrate

A

An ultrafiltrate of plasma

33
Q

What are the three components of the glomerular filtrate

A

Fenestrated endothelium of the capillaries, thick basement membrane and filtration slits between podocytes

34
Q

What is the principle role of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorption of water, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates and glucose

35
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule leads to

A

The proximal straight tubule

36
Q

How to sodium reabsorbed

A

Active transport

37
Q

How is water reabsorbed

A

Diffusion

38
Q

How is glucose and carbohydrates reabsorbed

A

Cotransport

39
Q

Proximal vs distal convoluted tubules

A

P are larger and have a well defined margin due to the presence of a brush border

40
Q

Principle role of loop of Henle

A

Creation of hypertonic environment in the medulla

41
Q

What are the loops of blood vessels in the medulla called

A

The vasa recta

42
Q

What are the structures found in the outer medulla

A

Collecting ducts, blood vessels of the vasa recta, thin limb of the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal straight tubules

43
Q

Principle role of distal convoluted tubule

A

Controlling acid-base and water balance

44
Q

Border of distal convoluted tubules

A

Sparse microvilli

45
Q

What controls reabsorption of Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule

A

Aldosterone

46
Q

What secretes aldosterone

A

The adrenal cortex

47
Q

What controls aldosterone secretion

A

The renin-angiotensin system

48
Q

Are the collecting ducts part of the nephron

A

No

49
Q

What do the collecting ducts and tubules do

A

Participate in controlled reabsorption of water under the control of ADH

50
Q

What increases the collecting ducts permeability to water

A

Vasopressin

51
Q

What secretes vasopressin

A

Posterior pituitary

52
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

A specialised site where the distal convoluted tubule passes adjacent to the vascular pole of the same renal corspuscle

53
Q

What are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells and extraglomerular mesangial cells/lacis cells

54
Q

Cells of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Tall, crowed together and the nuclei stain intensly

55
Q

Function of macula densa

A

Sensing sodium content

56
Q

What are the juxtaglomerular cells

A

Modified smooth muscle cells

57
Q

What do the juxtaglomerular cells contain

A

Renin

58
Q

What are the lacis cells

A

Modified mesangial cells extending outside the renal corpuscle

59
Q

Function of lacis cells

A

Signalling that alters glomerular filtration

60
Q

Urine produced in the renal papillae is collected in

A

The minor calyx

61
Q

What lines the urinary tract

A

Specialised epithelium = transitional epithelium/urothelium

62
Q

Characteristics of urothelium

A

Stratified and in 3-6 cell layers

63
Q

Characteristics of cells facing the lumen in urothelium

A

Specialised, thickened and inflexible membrane

64
Q

What lines the lumen of the ureter

A

Transitional epithelium

65
Q

Smooth muscle layers near the bladder

A

Inner longitudinal, outer circular and outer longitudinal

66
Q

What do the smooth muscle layers form within the bladder

A

Detrusor muscle

67
Q

Function of detrusor muscle

A

Micturition

68
Q

What innervates the bladder

A

Parasympathetic ganglia

69
Q

Lining of female urethra

A

Transitional epithelium and then stratified squamous near surface of body

Histology (22 decks)

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