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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Why is connective unusual to other major tissues

A

It consists of cells embedded in large quantities of extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What is extracellular matrix composed of

A

Protein fibres, amorphous ground substance and tissue fluid

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3
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Space filler, mechanical support, attachment, protection, highway for nutrients, main fat store, calcium store, and site of many immunological defence reactions

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4
Q

Three types of connective tissue

A

Soft connective tissue, herd connective tissue, and blood and lymph

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5
Q

Where so soft connective tissue found

A

Tendons, ligaments, mesentery, stroma of organs, and dermis of skin

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6
Q

Where is hard connective tissue found

A

Bone and cartilage

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7
Q

Resident cells of connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts, adipose cells, osteocytes, and chondrocytes

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8
Q

Fibroblasts structure

A

Elongated cells with tapered ends

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9
Q

Function of fibroblasts

A

Produce and maintain extra cellular matrix

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10
Q

What effect does damage have on fibroblasts

A

Causes them to proliferate

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11
Q

Adipose cell structures

A

Single giant fat droplet

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12
Q

What do adipose cells release

A

Fatty acid

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13
Q

What type of cells are the predominant cells of adipose tissue

A

Adipose cells

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14
Q

Where is brown fat found

A

Foetus and neonate

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15
Q

Structure of brown fat cells

A

Contain many small fat droplets and numerous mitochondria

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16
Q

When brown fat is oxidised what occurs

A

A large amount of heat is produced and this is known as non-shivering thermogenesis

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17
Q

Adipose tissue characteristics

A

Largest energy store in the body, in a constant state of turnover and is sensitive to both hormonal and nervous stimuli

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18
Q

Intermediate cell found during wound healing

A

Myofibroblast

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19
Q

What actions do myofibroblast carry out during wound repair

A

They cause wound contraction by producing collagen fibres and tugging on them to draw together the wound margins

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20
Q

What cells are immigrant cells

A

Leukocytes and mast cells

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21
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes and macrophages

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22
Q

Where do leukocytes migrate from

A

The blood stream

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23
Q

What causes an increase in leukocytes

A

Inflammation or infection

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24
Q

What do mast cells contain

A

Granules of heparin, histamine and substances that stimulate inflammation and attract white blood cells

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25
Q

What is responsible for the symptoms of an allergic reaction

A

Histamine

26
Q

What type of leukocyte leaves the blood stream in response to infection

A

Neutrophils

27
Q

What type of leukocyte is found in increased number during allergic reactions and parasitic diseases

A

Eosinophils

28
Q

What transient cells are found in connective tissue

A

Macrophages

29
Q

Characteristics of macrophages

A
  • Derived from monocytes in the bone marrow
  • Transform into macrophages in the connective tissue
  • Can proliferate locally
  • Are phagocytic cells
  • Have a body wide distribution
30
Q

What does the presence of histamine cause

A

Increased permeability of small blood vessels and increased mucous production and smooth muscle contraction in airways

31
Q

What is the smallest cell present in connective tissue

A

Lymphocytes

32
Q

Composition of lymphocytes

A

Small nucleus with almost no cytoplasm

33
Q

Where are large numbers of lymphocytes found

A

In the gut

34
Q

What do B lymphocytes give rise to

A

Plasma cells

35
Q

Where are plasma cells likely to be found

A

Site of infection

36
Q

Composistion of plasma cells

A

Large oval cells, rich in rough ER and a basophilic cytoplasm

37
Q

What is the function of plasma cells

A

To synthesis antibodies found in the blood stream

38
Q

What actions are causes by plasma cells

A

Neutralise harmful antigens, render toxins harmless, promote phagocytosis and protect the body from micro-organisms

39
Q

What are the fibres of the extracellular matrix made up of

A

Collagen, reticular and elastic fibres

40
Q

What is ground substance

A

An amorphus space occupying material

41
Q

What is ground substance made of

A

Unbranched polysaccharide molecules, glycoaminoglycands (GAGs), most of which are bound to a protein core to form glycoproteins

42
Q

What synthesises collagen

A

Fibroblasts

43
Q

Characteristics of collagen

A

Inelastic and the most common form (type I) has a tensile strength similar to mild steel, making a tissue which is both flexible and strong

44
Q

Characteristics of reticular fibres

A

Thin fibres made of type II collagen that forms a support network in many organs

45
Q

In which organs can you find reticular fibres

A

Liver, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow

46
Q

Characteristic of elastic fibres

A
  • Provide elasticity
  • Made of elastin and the microfibril fibrilin
  • Provide blood vessels with elastic recoil
47
Q

Characteristics of GAGs

A
  • Linear polysaccharides bound, covalently, to a protein core, forming a preoteoglycan molecule
  • Intensly hydrophillic due to presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulphate groups
  • Trap water so are resistant to compression
48
Q

What do GAGs provide for the extracellular matrix

A

Turgor and determine the diffusion of substances through the matrix

49
Q

Function of structural glycoproteins

A

Bind molecules on the surface of cells as well as extracellular matrix components so establish structural continuity between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

50
Q

Most common glycoproteins

A

Fibronectin, laminin, and chondronectin

51
Q

Function of fibronectin

A

Bind ECM to ECM

52
Q

Where is laminin found

A

Basal lamina

53
Q

Where is chondronectin found

A

In cartilage

54
Q

Types of soft connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme, loose connective tissue, desne regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

55
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic connective tissue that differentiates into cells that become fibroblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes

56
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Loosely packed fibres separated by abundant ground substance

57
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found

A

Mesentery, adipose tissue, stroma of many organs

58
Q

What is loose connective tissue also known as

A

Areolar tissue

59
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Densely packed aligned collagen fibres

60
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Densely packed collagen fibres that run in many directions

Histology (22 decks)

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