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Histology > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of bone

A

Support, lever for effective movement, protection of internal organs, calcium store and haemopoiesis

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2
Q

How much calcium is found within bone

A

About 95% of total body calcium

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3
Q

Composition of bone

A

65% biopatite, 23% collagen, 10% water, and 2% non-collagen proteins

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4
Q

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding bone is known as

A

Periosteum

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5
Q

What are the two types of bone

A

Cortical bone and cancellous bone

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6
Q

What type of bone makes up the shaft

A

Cortical bone

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7
Q

What type of bone makes up the ends of bone

A

Cancellous bone

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8
Q

What is the main difference between the morphology of cortical and cancellous bone

A

The presence of spaces, known as marrow cavities, adjacent to cancellous bone

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9
Q

Bone that is made up from layers is known as

A

Lamellar bone

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10
Q

What is within the small canals in bone

A

Blood vessels and nerves

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11
Q

What are the cells living within bone called

A

Osteocytes

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12
Q

Characteristics of trabecular bone

A
  • Has osteocytes
  • Lamellar in nature
  • Haversian canals are uncommon
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13
Q

The outer layers of bone are organised in lamellae that run around the bone and are called

A

Outer circumferential lamellae

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14
Q

What are the cells found within bone

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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15
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A
  • Located on bone surfaces under the periosteum

- Reserve pool of osteoblasts

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16
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Bone forming cells
  • Found in the surface of developing bone
  • Plentiful RER and prominent mitochondria
17
Q

Osteocytes

A

A bone cell trapped within the matrix

18
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • Large multinucleate cells
  • Found on the surface of bone
  • Responsible for bone resorption
19
Q

How do osteoblasts produce new bone

A

They actively secrete a matrix onto the top of pre-existing bone

20
Q

What is the main make up of the mineral of bone

A

Calcium phosphate crystals

21
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete

A

Collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans, and other organic compounds

22
Q

What is osteoblast secretion known as

A

Osteoid

23
Q

Other than osteoid, what else do osteoblasts secrete

A

Matrix vesicles

24
Q

What do matrix vesicles contain

A

Enzymes which produce phosphates and accumulate calcium phosphate salts

25
Q

What type of bone is laid down after a break

A

Woven bone

26
Q

How does woven bone differ to lamellar bone

A

In lamellar bone the collagen fibres are orientated in one diffraction but in woven bone they are laid down in a haphazard fashion

27
Q

Characteristics of woven bone

A
  • Not as strong as lamellar

- Eventually remodelled into lamellar bone by being broken down by osteoclasts and reformed by osteoblasts

28
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • Derived from macrophage lineage

- Several will fuse and form a single giant multinucleated cell

29
Q

What is the collection of osteoclasts and osteoblast that particiapate in bone remodelling at a particular site called

A

The basic multicellular unit (BMU)

30
Q

How is bone remodelled

A
  • A number of osteoclasts congregate and begin to drill into bone forming a tunnel
  • A blood vessel grows into the tunnel and brings osteoblasts with it
  • Osteoblasts line the tunnel and begin laying down new bone
  • Process continues until only the Haversian canal is left
31
Q

Lines around an osteon

A

Cement lines

32
Q

What are interstitial lamellae

A

Lamellae between old osteons that are the remnants of old osteons

33
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Dense connective sheath around bone

- Has two layers

34
Q

Types of ossification

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

35
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A
  • Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblast and begin to synthesis and secrete osteoid
  • This process begins at the centres of ossification
36
Q

How does endochondral ossification begin

A

With a hyaline cartilage model of the bone to be formed

37
Q

Examples of bones produced from endochondral ossification

A

Most long bones, base of skull, and the medial and lateral ends of the clavicle

38
Q

Characteristics of bone

A
  • Rigid
  • Non-permeable
  • Appositional growth
  • Cells within bone nourished by blood vessels that pervade the matrix

Histology (22 decks)

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