Liver, Pancreas and Gall Bladder

Question 1

functions of liver

Answer 1

oxidise triglycerides to produce energy
synthesise plasma proteins
synthesise cholesterol
carbohydrates + proteins -> fatty acids and triglycerides
regulate blood glucose concentration
synthesise plasma proteins
detoxification of metabolic waste products, drugs and toxins
storage of glycogen, vitamins and iron
synthesis and secretion of bile

Question 2

liver capsule

Answer 2

collagenous connective tissue covered by a layer of mesothelial cells derived from the peritoneum

Question 3

liver made up of segments called

Answer 3

lobules

Question 4

compnents of the portal triad

Answer 4

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile ductules

Question 5

main cells of the liver

Answer 5

hepatocytes

Question 6

blood flow channels are called

Answer 6

sinusoids

Question 7

ultrastructure of sinusoids

Answer 7

lined by endothelial cells

narrow space between these lining cells and hepatocytes

Question 8

Space between hepatocytes and lining cells is

Answer 8

space of Disse

Question 9

what projects into the space of disse

Answer 9

microvilli of the hepatocytes

Question 10

epithelium of the sinusoid is

Answer 10

fenestrated

Question 11

parenchyme of the liver is supported by

Answer 11

reticular fibres along with some type I collagen

Question 12

hepatic stellate cells

Answer 12

modfied fibroblasts that make connective tissue

store vitamin A

Question 13

Kupffer cells

Answer 13

remove particulate matter drom the blood and help remove worn out red blood cells

Question 14

what is bile

Answer 14

an alkaline solution containing water, ions, phospholipids, bilirubin and bile salts

Question 15

gall bladder structure

Answer 15

• lined by simple columnar epithelium with a bruch border backed by a lamina propria of loose connective tissue rich in blood and lymphatic vessels
• a coat of smooth muscle and an outer collagenous layer of adventitia
• has folded mucosa when empty

Question 16

Functions of gall bladder

Answer 16

Stores bile

modifies stored bile within it

Question 17

how is bile modified by gall bladder

Answer 17

Na and Cl ions from bile pumped into spaces between adjavcent epithelial cells which causes water to follow

Question 18

what happens to the water removed from bile

Answer 18

carried away by lymphatic vessels

Question 19

where does the gall bladder deliver bile to

Answer 19

the duodenum

Question 20

what causes gall bladder to contract

Answer 20

nervous control and release of hormones

Question 21

Pancreas is both an

Answer 21

Exocrine and endocrine gland

Question 22

Exocrine pancreas

Answer 22

Secretes digestive juices containing proteases, lipases, nucleases, amylases

Question 23

How do digestive enzymes enter the duodenum

Answer 23

Through the pancreatic duct

Question 24

Endocrine pancreas

Answer 24

Consists of small, scattered islands of tissue called Islets of Langerhans which produce insulin and glucagon

Question 25

Microscopic endocrine pancreas

Answer 25

Numerous serous acini and ducts

Question 26

Why are the cells of the endocrine pancreas basophilic

Answer 26

As the have large amounts of rER

Question 27

What form are the enzymes of the endocrine pancrease produced

Answer 27

Inactive proenzymes

Question 28

Where are pancreatic enzyme activated and how

Answer 28

In the duodenum and peptidase converts trypsinogen into the active form of trypsin

Question 29

The pancreas has a thin connective tissue

Answer 29

Capsule with connective tissue septa that split the pancreas into lobules

Question 30

Basal cells of the pancreas are typically

Answer 30

Basophillic

Question 31

Why are the basal cells basophilic

Answer 31

They have lots of rER

Question 32

The apical part of the pancreas is usually

Answer 32

Eosinophillic due to the presence of zymogen granules

Question 33

Intercalated ducts

Answer 33

Extend into the acini

Within the acini they are called centroacinar cells

Question 34

The main pancreatic duct joins the

Answer 34

Common bile duct

Question 35

The pancreatic and common bile duct enter into the

Answer 35

Ampulla of vater