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Histology > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two related systems of the circulatory system

A

The cardiovascular system and lymphatic vascular system

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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of

A

Heart, arteries, capillaries and veins

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3
Q

Roles of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Transport oxygen and nutrients to the tissue
  • Transport CO2 and other metabolic waste from the tissue
  • Temperature regulation
  • Distribution of hormones and immune cells
  • Penile erection
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4
Q

Where is the blood within the body found

A

65% in peripheral veins, 20% in heart and lungs, 10% in peripheral arteries and 5% in capillaries

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5
Q

What are the 3 laters to a blood vessel

A

Tunica intimate, tunic media and tunica adventita

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6
Q

Tunica intimate

A
  • Inner layer
  • Single layer of squamous epithelial cells termed endothelial cells
  • Supported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue
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7
Q

Tunica media

A
  • Middle layer
  • Made up predominantly of smooth muscle
  • Thickness of this layer varies
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8
Q

Tunica adventita

A
  • Outer layer

- Made of supporting connective tissue

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9
Q

What separates the tunica intimate from the tunica media

A

Internal elastic membrane

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10
Q

What is separates the tunica media from the tunica adventita

A

External elastic membrane

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11
Q

What are the largest arteries termed and why

A

Elastic arteries because they have many sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to provide elastic recoil

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12
Q

Some vessels need their own vascular supply and this is known as the

A

Vasa vasorum

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13
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Only have one or two layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media
  • Almost no adventita
  • Important in controlling blood flow
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14
Q

Composition of capillaries

A
  • Composed of endothelial cells and basal lamina

- Have pericytes at intervals outside basal lamina

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15
Q

Pericytes

A

Connective tissue cells that have contractile properties

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16
Q

Different types of capillaries

A

Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal/discontinuous

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17
Q

Continuous capillaries

A
  • Most common

- Found in muscle, connective tissue, lung, skin and nerves

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18
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A
  • Have pores in the walls

- Found in the mucosa of the gut, endocrine glands, and the glomeruli of the kidney

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19
Q

Sinusoidal/discontinued capillaries

A
  • Lack a basal lamina
  • Have large gaps through which macromolecules and cells can pass through
  • Found in liver, spleen and bone marrow
20
Q

What do capillaries form

A

Networks

21
Q

What are microvascular networks made up of

A

Small arterioles connecting to a postcapillary venule, through a network of met arterioles, thoroughfare channels, and capillaries

22
Q

What helps control the flow through the capillary network

A

Precapillary sphincters

23
Q

Veins

A
  • Relatively thin but continuous tunica media
  • Have a thick tunica adventitia
  • Flexible and can accommodate expansion
24
Q

Three layers of the heart

A

Endocardium, myocardium and epicardium

25
Q

Endocardium

A
  • Lines the entire inner surface of the heart
  • Composed of endothelium, basal lamina, a thin layer of collagen fibres, and a layer of dense connective tissue
  • In some areas there is subendocardium of loose connective tissue containing small blood vessels and nerve and the branches of the the impulse connecting system
26
Q

Myocardium

A
  • Thick middle layer
  • Bundles and layers of contractile cardiac muscle fibres
  • Individual fibres are surrounded by delicate, collagenous connective tissue with a rich network of capillaries
27
Q

Epicardium

A
  • Outer layer of the heart
  • A single layer of flattened epithelium called mesothelium
  • Basal lamina
  • Fribroelatsic connective tissue and in spaces adipose tissue
28
Q

What is embedded within the adipose tissue on the surface of the heart

A

Coronary vessels

29
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

30
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Is a sac of tough fibrocollagenous connective tissue

31
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Made up of a layer of simple squamous epithelium, backed by a basal lamina and connective tissue

32
Q

What is between the fibrous and serous pericardiums

A

Pericardial cavity

33
Q

What is contained within the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardial fluid

34
Q

What is the action of pericardial fluid

A

To provide lubrication for the heart

35
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made of

A

Fibrous connective tissue

36
Q

Functions of fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  • Support the valves

- Provides attachment for cardiac muscle fibres

37
Q

Heart valves

A
  • Outer endothelial layer with a basal lamina
  • Layer of collagen and elastin fibres
  • A core of dense connective tissue
  • Anchored to papillary muscles in the wall of the ventricle by chordae tendinae
  • No blood vessels
38
Q

What is the core of dense connective tissue in the heart valves known as

A

Lamina fibrosa

39
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiac muscle cells

A

Contractile cells, pacemaker cells and conducting cells

40
Q

Pacemaker cells

A
  • Highly specialised muscle cells
  • Embedded in an extensive matrix of connective tissue
  • Have few myofibrils, little glycogen and no proper T-tubule system
41
Q

At the junction of the atria and vntricles, what picks up the depolarisation

A

the AV node

42
Q

From the AV node where do electrical impulses travel

A

Down the interventricular septum via AV bundle, then through the left and right bundle branches to the apex of heart and then they contact the Purkinje fibres

43
Q

What electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles

A

The fibrous skeleton

44
Q

Purkinje fibres

A
  • Larger than normal cardiac muscle cells
  • Found in the sunendocaridal layer just deep to endocardium
  • Abundant glycogen, no T-tubules, no intercalated discs and sparse actin and myosin
  • Distribute excitatory activity
45
Q

In which way does excitation pass through the ventricles

A

Inferiorly to superiorly

Histology (22 decks)

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